FM / pod

/usr/share/perl5/pod

Name	Size	Mode	Actions
a2p.pod	6107	0644	edit dl rm
perl.pod	15748	0644	edit dl rm
perl56delta.pod	107184	0644	edit dl rm
perl58delta.pod	114908	0644	edit dl rm
perl561delta.pod	124697	0644	edit dl rm
perl570delta.pod	21655	0644	edit dl rm
perl571delta.pod	30382	0644	edit dl rm
perl572delta.pod	25551	0644	edit dl rm
perl573delta.pod	4644	0644	edit dl rm
perl581delta.pod	38060	0644	edit dl rm
perl582delta.pod	4470	0644	edit dl rm
perl583delta.pod	6335	0644	edit dl rm
perl584delta.pod	7363	0644	edit dl rm
perl585delta.pod	5889	0644	edit dl rm
perl586delta.pod	4651	0644	edit dl rm
perl587delta.pod	8357	0644	edit dl rm
perl588delta.pod	25267	0644	edit dl rm
perl589delta.pod	53905	0644	edit dl rm
perl590delta.pod	34951	0644	edit dl rm
perl591delta.pod	11173	0644	edit dl rm
perl592delta.pod	10954	0644	edit dl rm
perl593delta.pod	17034	0644	edit dl rm
perl594delta.pod	12661	0644	edit dl rm
perl595delta.pod	18934	0644	edit dl rm
perl5004delta.pod	56240	0644	edit dl rm
perl5005delta.pod	34285	0644	edit dl rm
perl5100delta.pod	53922	0644	edit dl rm
perl5101delta.pod	43877	0644	edit dl rm
perlaix.pod	18128	0644	edit dl rm
perlamiga.pod	7031	0644	edit dl rm
perlapi.pod	169428	0644	edit dl rm
perlapio.pod	19332	0644	edit dl rm
perlapollo.pod	829	0644	edit dl rm
perlartistic.pod	6802	0644	edit dl rm
perlbeos.pod	2939	0644	edit dl rm
perlbook.pod	663	0644	edit dl rm
perlboot.pod	28355	0644	edit dl rm
perlbot.pod	11675	0644	edit dl rm
perlbs2000.pod	7929	0644	edit dl rm
perlcall.pod	55173	0644	edit dl rm
perlce.pod	9257	0644	edit dl rm
perlcheat.pod	4153	0644	edit dl rm
perlclib.pod	7684	0644	edit dl rm
perlcn.pod	4915	0644	edit dl rm
perlcommunity.pod	6398	0644	edit dl rm
perlcompile.pod	9516	0644	edit dl rm
perlcygwin.pod	28183	0644	edit dl rm
perldata.pod	36879	0644	edit dl rm
perldbmfilter.pod	4987	0644	edit dl rm
perldebguts.pod	31887	0644	edit dl rm
perldebtut.pod	21304	0644	edit dl rm
perldebug.pod	37535	0644	edit dl rm
perldelta.pod	43877	0644	edit dl rm
perldgux.pod	2821	0644	edit dl rm
perldiag.pod	183151	0644	edit dl rm
perldoc.pod	7310	0644	edit dl rm
perldos.pod	10853	0644	edit dl rm
perldsc.pod	25447	0644	edit dl rm
perlebcdic.pod	66607	0644	edit dl rm
perlembed.pod	38033	0644	edit dl rm
perlepoc.pod	3779	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq.pod	24841	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq1.pod	17762	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq2.pod	21614	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq3.pod	38534	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq4.pod	81412	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq5.pod	49201	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq6.pod	38538	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq7.pod	37588	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq8.pod	46128	0644	edit dl rm
perlfaq9.pod	24191	0644	edit dl rm
perlfilter.pod	21140	0644	edit dl rm
perlfork.pod	11440	0644	edit dl rm
perlform.pod	16894	0644	edit dl rm
perlfreebsd.pod	1950	0644	edit dl rm
perlfunc.pod	291909	0644	edit dl rm
perlglossary.pod	112139	0644	edit dl rm
perlgpl.pod	18806	0644	edit dl rm
perlguts.pod	105182	0644	edit dl rm
perlhack.pod	121512	0644	edit dl rm
perlhaiku.pod	1504	0644	edit dl rm
perlhist.pod	38766	0644	edit dl rm
perlhpux.pod	28650	0644	edit dl rm
perlhurd.pod	1990	0644	edit dl rm
perlintern.pod	26408	0644	edit dl rm
perlintro.pod	21491	0644	edit dl rm
perliol.pod	33755	0644	edit dl rm
perlipc.pod	67761	0644	edit dl rm
perlirix.pod	4397	0644	edit dl rm
perljp.pod	8070	0644	edit dl rm
perlko.pod	7892	0644	edit dl rm
perllexwarn.pod	14435	0644	edit dl rm
perllinux.pod	1492	0644	edit dl rm
perllocale.pod	41616	0644	edit dl rm
perllol.pod	8252	0644	edit dl rm
perlmachten.pod	4500	0644	edit dl rm
perlmacos.pod	2111	0644	edit dl rm
perlmacosx.pod	11322	0644	edit dl rm
perlmint.pod	9539	0644	edit dl rm
perlmod.pod	24494	0644	edit dl rm
perlmodinstall.pod	13929	0644	edit dl rm
perlmodlib.pod	77333	0644	edit dl rm
perlmodstyle.pod	21114	0644	edit dl rm
perlmpeix.pod	15087	0644	edit dl rm
perlmroapi.pod	2959	0644	edit dl rm
perlnetware.pod	6488	0644	edit dl rm
perlnewmod.pod	11214	0644	edit dl rm
perlnumber.pod	8352	0644	edit dl rm
perlobj.pod	21813	0644	edit dl rm
perlop.pod	96225	0644	edit dl rm
perlopenbsd.pod	1207	0644	edit dl rm
perlopentut.pod	37997	0644	edit dl rm
perlos2.pod	92783	0644	edit dl rm
perlos390.pod	16074	0644	edit dl rm
perlos400.pod	4618	0644	edit dl rm
perlothrtut.pod	40657	0644	edit dl rm
perlpacktut.pod	51047	0644	edit dl rm
perlperf.pod	51328	0644	edit dl rm
perlplan9.pod	5125	0644	edit dl rm
perlpod.pod	21626	0644	edit dl rm
perlpodspec.pod	67792	0644	edit dl rm
perlport.pod	86302	0644	edit dl rm
perlpragma.pod	4320	0644	edit dl rm
perlqnx.pod	4246	0644	edit dl rm
perlre.pod	82798	0644	edit dl rm
perlreapi.pod	25427	0644	edit dl rm
perlrebackslash.pod	20109	0644	edit dl rm
perlrecharclass.pod	21909	0644	edit dl rm
perlref.pod	26465	0644	edit dl rm
perlreftut.pod	18670	0644	edit dl rm
perlreguts.pod	36877	0644	edit dl rm
perlrepository.pod	23453	0644	edit dl rm
perlrequick.pod	17617	0644	edit dl rm
perlreref.pod	11996	0644	edit dl rm
perlretut.pod	115005	0644	edit dl rm
perlriscos.pod	1511	0644	edit dl rm
perlrun.pod	49928	0644	edit dl rm
perlsec.pod	23542	0644	edit dl rm
perlsolaris.pod	29131	0644	edit dl rm
perlstyle.pod	8618	0644	edit dl rm
perlsub.pod	54222	0644	edit dl rm
perlsymbian.pod	16222	0644	edit dl rm
perlsyn.pod	31090	0644	edit dl rm
perlthrtut.pod	46510	0644	edit dl rm
perltie.pod	36665	0644	edit dl rm
perltoc.pod	642987	0644	edit dl rm
perltodo.pod	48360	0644	edit dl rm
perltooc.pod	51425	0644	edit dl rm
perltoot.pod	68625	0644	edit dl rm
perltrap.pod	41151	0644	edit dl rm
perltru64.pod	7736	0644	edit dl rm
perltw.pod	5384	0644	edit dl rm
perlunicode.pod	56169	0644	edit dl rm
perlunifaq.pod	12878	0644	edit dl rm
perluniintro.pod	32973	0644	edit dl rm
perlunitut.pod	7907	0644	edit dl rm
perlutil.pod	9881	0644	edit dl rm
perluts.pod	3180	0644	edit dl rm
perlvar.pod	59133	0644	edit dl rm
perlvmesa.pod	3952	0644	edit dl rm
perlvms.pod	52545	0644	edit dl rm
perlvos.pod	5567	0644	edit dl rm
perlwin32.pod	40809	0644	edit dl rm
perlxs.pod	74194	0644	edit dl rm
perlxstut.pod	49670	0644	edit dl rm

Edit: /usr/share/perl5/pod/perldebguts.pod (31887B)

=head1 NAME

perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This is not the perldebug(1) manpage, which tells you how to use
the debugger.  This manpage describes low-level details concerning
the debugger's internals, which range from difficult to impossible
to understand for anyone who isn't incredibly intimate with Perl's guts.
Caveat lector.

=head1 Debugger Internals

Perl has special debugging hooks at compile-time and run-time used
to create debugging environments.  These hooks are not to be confused
with the I<perl -Dxxx> command described in L<perlrun>, which is
usable only if a special Perl is built per the instructions in the
F<INSTALL> podpage in the Perl source tree.

For example, whenever you call Perl's built-in C<caller> function
from the package C<DB>, the arguments that the corresponding stack
frame was called with are copied to the C<@DB::args> array.  These
mechanisms are enabled by calling Perl with the B<-d> switch.
Specifically, the following additional features are enabled
(cf. L<perlvar/$^P>):

=over 4

=item *

Perl inserts the contents of C<$ENV{PERL5DB}> (or C<BEGIN {require
'perl5db.pl'}> if not present) before the first line of your program.

=item *

Each array C<@{"_<$filename"}> holds the lines of $filename for a
file compiled by Perl.  The same is also true for C<eval>ed strings
that contain subroutines, or which are currently being executed.
The $filename for C<eval>ed strings looks like C<(eval 34)>.
Code assertions in regexes look like C<(re_eval 19)>.

Values in this array are magical in numeric context: they compare
equal to zero only if the line is not breakable.

=item *

Each hash C<%{"_<$filename"}> contains breakpoints and actions keyed
by line number.  Individual entries (as opposed to the whole hash)
are settable.  Perl only cares about Boolean true here, although
the values used by F<perl5db.pl> have the form
C<"$break_condition\0$action">.

The same holds for evaluated strings that contain subroutines, or
which are currently being executed.  The $filename for C<eval>ed strings
looks like C<(eval 34)> or  C<(re_eval 19)>.

=item *

Each scalar C<${"_<$filename"}> contains C<"_<$filename">.  This is
also the case for evaluated strings that contain subroutines, or
which are currently being executed.  The $filename for C<eval>ed
strings looks like C<(eval 34)> or C<(re_eval 19)>.

=item *

After each C<require>d file is compiled, but before it is executed,
C<DB::postponed(*{"_<$filename"})> is called if the subroutine
C<DB::postponed> exists.  Here, the $filename is the expanded name of
the C<require>d file, as found in the values of %INC.

=item *

After each subroutine C<subname> is compiled, the existence of
C<$DB::postponed{subname}> is checked.  If this key exists,
C<DB::postponed(subname)> is called if the C<DB::postponed> subroutine
also exists.

=item *

A hash C<%DB::sub> is maintained, whose keys are subroutine names
and whose values have the form C<filename:startline-endline>.
C<filename> has the form C<(eval 34)> for subroutines defined inside
C<eval>s, or C<(re_eval 19)> for those within regex code assertions.

=item *

When the execution of your program reaches a point that can hold a
breakpoint, the C<DB::DB()> subroutine is called if any of the variables
C<$DB::trace>, C<$DB::single>, or C<$DB::signal> is true.  These variables
are not C<local>izable.  This feature is disabled when executing
inside C<DB::DB()>, including functions called from it 
unless C<< $^D & (1<<30) >> is true.

=item *

When execution of the program reaches a subroutine call, a call to
C<&DB::sub>(I<args>) is made instead, with C<$DB::sub> holding the
name of the called subroutine. (This doesn't happen if the subroutine
was compiled in the C<DB> package.)

=back

Note that if C<&DB::sub> needs external data for it to work, no
subroutine call is possible without it. As an example, the standard
debugger's C<&DB::sub> depends on the C<$DB::deep> variable
(it defines how many levels of recursion deep into the debugger you can go
before a mandatory break).  If C<$DB::deep> is not defined, subroutine
calls are not possible, even though C<&DB::sub> exists.

=head2 Writing Your Own Debugger

=head3 Environment Variables

The C<PERL5DB> environment variable can be used to define a debugger.
For example, the minimal "working" debugger (it actually doesn't do anything)
consists of one line:

sub DB::DB {}

It can easily be defined like this:

$ PERL5DB="sub DB::DB {}" perl -d your-script

Another brief debugger, slightly more useful, can be created
with only the line:

sub DB::DB {print ++$i; scalar <STDIN>}

This debugger prints a number which increments for each statement
encountered and waits for you to hit a newline before continuing
to the next statement.

The following debugger is actually useful:

{
    package DB;
    sub DB  {}
    sub sub {print ++$i, " $sub\n"; &$sub}
  }

It prints the sequence number of each subroutine call and the name of the
called subroutine.  Note that C<&DB::sub> is being compiled into the
package C<DB> through the use of the C<package> directive.

When it starts, the debugger reads your rc file (F<./.perldb> or
F<~/.perldb> under Unix), which can set important options.
(A subroutine (C<&afterinit>) can be defined here as well; it is executed
after the debugger completes its own initialization.)

After the rc file is read, the debugger reads the PERLDB_OPTS
environment variable and uses it to set debugger options. The
contents of this variable are treated as if they were the argument
of an C<o ...> debugger command (q.v. in L<perldebug/Options>).

=head3 Debugger internal variables

In addition to the file and subroutine-related variables mentioned above,
the debugger also maintains various magical internal variables.

=over 4

=item *

C<@DB::dbline> is an alias for C<@{"::_<current_file"}>, which
holds the lines of the currently-selected file (compiled by Perl), either
explicitly chosen with the debugger's C<f> command, or implicitly by flow
of execution.

Values in this array are magical in numeric context: they compare
equal to zero only if the line is not breakable.

=item *

C<%DB::dbline>, is an alias for C<%{"::_<current_file"}>, which
contains breakpoints and actions keyed by line number in
the currently-selected file, either explicitly chosen with the
debugger's C<f> command, or implicitly by flow of execution.

As previously noted, individual entries (as opposed to the whole hash)
are settable.  Perl only cares about Boolean true here, although
the values used by F<perl5db.pl> have the form
C<"$break_condition\0$action">.

=back

=head3 Debugger customization functions

Some functions are provided to simplify customization.

=over 4

=item *

See L<perldebug/"Configurable Options"> for a description of options parsed by
C<DB::parse_options(string)>.

=item *

C<DB::dump_trace(skip[,count])> skips the specified number of frames
and returns a list containing information about the calling frames (all
of them, if C<count> is missing).  Each entry is reference to a hash
with keys C<context> (either C<.>, C<$>, or C<@>), C<sub> (subroutine
name, or info about C<eval>), C<args> (C<undef> or a reference to
an array), C<file>, and C<line>.

=item *

C<DB::print_trace(FH, skip[, count[, short]])> prints
formatted info about caller frames.  The last two functions may be
convenient as arguments to C<< < >>, C<< << >> commands.

=back

Note that any variables and functions that are not documented in
this manpages (or in L<perldebug>) are considered for internal   
use only, and as such are subject to change without notice.

=head1 Frame Listing Output Examples

The C<frame> option can be used to control the output of frame 
information.  For example, contrast this expression trace:

$ perl -de 42
 Stack dump during die enabled outside of evals.

Loading DB routines from perl5db.pl patch level 0.94
 Emacs support available.

Enter h or `h h' for help.

main::(-e:1):   0
   DB<1> sub foo { 14 }

DB<2> sub bar { 3 }

DB<3> t print foo() * bar()
 main::((eval 172):3):   print foo() + bar();
 main::foo((eval 168):2):
 main::bar((eval 170):2):
 42

with this one, once the C<o>ption C<frame=2> has been set:

DB<4> o f=2
                frame = '2'
   DB<5> t print foo() * bar()
 3:      foo() * bar()
 entering main::foo
  2:     sub foo { 14 };
 exited main::foo
 entering main::bar
  2:     sub bar { 3 };
 exited main::bar
 42

By way of demonstration, we present below a laborious listing
resulting from setting your C<PERLDB_OPTS> environment variable to
the value C<f=n N>, and running I<perl -d -V> from the command line.
Examples use various values of C<n> are shown to give you a feel
for the difference between settings.  Long those it may be, this
is not a complete listing, but only excerpts.

=over 4

=item 1

entering main::BEGIN
   entering Config::BEGIN
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   entering Config::TIEHASH
   entering Exporter::import
    entering Exporter::export
  entering Config::myconfig
   entering Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH

=item 2

entering main::BEGIN
   entering Config::BEGIN
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   exited Config::BEGIN
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   entering Config::TIEHASH
   exited Config::TIEHASH
   entering Exporter::import
    entering Exporter::export
    exited Exporter::export
   exited Exporter::import
  exited main::BEGIN
  entering Config::myconfig
   entering Config::FETCH
   exited Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH
   exited Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH

=item 3

in  $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:2
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   in  $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   in  $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
    in  $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from li
  in  @=Config::myconfig() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_VERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_SUBVERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'osname') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'osvers') from lib/Config.pm:574

=item 4

in  $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:2
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   out $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:0
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   in  $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   out $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   in  $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
    in  $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/
    out $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/
   out $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
  out $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
  in  @=Config::myconfig() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
   out $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
   out $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_VERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
   out $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_VERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_SUBVERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574

=item 5

in  $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:2
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   out $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:0
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   in  $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   out $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   in  $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
    in  $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/E
    out $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/E
   out $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
  out $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
  in  @=Config::myconfig() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::FETCH('Config=HASH(0x1aa444)', 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
   out $=Config::FETCH('Config=HASH(0x1aa444)', 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH('Config=HASH(0x1aa444)', 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
   out $=Config::FETCH('Config=HASH(0x1aa444)', 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574

=item 6

in  $=CODE(0x15eca4)() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=CODE(0x182528)() from lib/Config.pm:2
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
   out $=CODE(0x182528)() from lib/Config.pm:0
   scalar context return from CODE(0x182528): undef
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   in  $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:628
   out $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:628
   scalar context return from Config::TIEHASH:   empty hash
   in  $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
    in  $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/Exporter.pm:171
    out $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/Exporter.pm:171
    scalar context return from Exporter::export: ''
   out $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
   scalar context return from Exporter::import: ''

=back

In all cases shown above, the line indentation shows the call tree.
If bit 2 of C<frame> is set, a line is printed on exit from a
subroutine as well.  If bit 4 is set, the arguments are printed
along with the caller info.  If bit 8 is set, the arguments are
printed even if they are tied or references.  If bit 16 is set, the
return value is printed, too.

When a package is compiled, a line like this

Package lib/Carp.pm.

is printed with proper indentation.

=head1 Debugging regular expressions

There are two ways to enable debugging output for regular expressions.

If your perl is compiled with C<-DDEBUGGING>, you may use the
B<-Dr> flag on the command line.

Otherwise, one can C<use re 'debug'>, which has effects at
compile time and run time.  It is not lexically scoped.

=head2 Compile-time output

The debugging output at compile time looks like this:

Compiling REx `[bc]d(ef*g)+h[ij]k$'
  size 45 Got 364 bytes for offset annotations.
  first at 1
  rarest char g at 0
  rarest char d at 0
     1: ANYOF[bc](12)
    12: EXACT <d>(14)
    14: CURLYX[0] {1,32767}(28)
    16:   OPEN1(18)
    18:     EXACT <e>(20)
    20:     STAR(23)
    21:       EXACT <f>(0)
    23:     EXACT <g>(25)
    25:   CLOSE1(27)
    27:   WHILEM[1/1](0)
    28: NOTHING(29)
    29: EXACT <h>(31)
    31: ANYOF[ij](42)
    42: EXACT <k>(44)
    44: EOL(45)
    45: END(0)
  anchored `de' at 1 floating `gh' at 3..2147483647 (checking floating) 
        stclass `ANYOF[bc]' minlen 7 
  Offsets: [45]
  	1[4] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 5[1]
  	0[0] 12[1] 0[0] 6[1] 0[0] 7[1] 0[0] 9[1] 8[1] 0[0] 10[1] 0[0]
  	11[1] 0[0] 12[0] 12[0] 13[1] 0[0] 14[4] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0]
  	0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 18[1] 0[0] 19[1] 20[0]  
  Omitting $` $& $' support.

The first line shows the pre-compiled form of the regex.  The second
shows the size of the compiled form (in arbitrary units, usually
4-byte words) and the total number of bytes allocated for the
offset/length table, usually 4+C<size>*8.  The next line shows the
label I<id> of the first node that does a match.

The

anchored `de' at 1 floating `gh' at 3..2147483647 (checking floating) 
        stclass `ANYOF[bc]' minlen 7

line (split into two lines above) contains optimizer
information.  In the example shown, the optimizer found that the match 
should contain a substring C<de> at offset 1, plus substring C<gh>
at some offset between 3 and infinity.  Moreover, when checking for
these substrings (to abandon impossible matches quickly), Perl will check
for the substring C<gh> before checking for the substring C<de>.  The
optimizer may also use the knowledge that the match starts (at the
C<first> I<id>) with a character class, and no string 
shorter than 7 characters can possibly match.

The fields of interest which may appear in this line are

=over 4

=item C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>

=item C<floating> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS1..POS2>

See above.

=item C<matching floating/anchored>

Which substring to check first.

=item C<minlen>

The minimal length of the match.

=item C<stclass> I<TYPE>

Type of first matching node.

=item C<noscan>

Don't scan for the found substrings.

=item C<isall>

Means that the optimizer information is all that the regular
expression contains, and thus one does not need to enter the regex engine at
all.

=item C<GPOS>

Set if the pattern contains C<\G>.

=item C<plus>

Set if the pattern starts with a repeated char (as in C<x+y>).

=item C<implicit>

Set if the pattern starts with C<.*>.

=item C<with eval>

Set if the pattern contain eval-groups, such as C<(?{ code })> and
C<(??{ code })>.

=item C<anchored(TYPE)>

If the pattern may match only at a handful of places, (with C<TYPE>
being C<BOL>, C<MBOL>, or C<GPOS>.  See the table below.

=back

If a substring is known to match at end-of-line only, it may be
followed by C<$>, as in C<floating `k'$>.

The optimizer-specific information is used to avoid entering (a slow) regex
engine on strings that will not definitely match.  If the C<isall> flag
is set, a call to the regex engine may be avoided even when the optimizer
found an appropriate place for the match.

Above the optimizer section is the list of I<nodes> of the compiled
form of the regex.  Each line has format

C<   >I<id>: I<TYPE> I<OPTIONAL-INFO> (I<next-id>)

=head2 Types of nodes

Here are the possible types, with short descriptions:

# TYPE arg-description [num-args] [longjump-len] DESCRIPTION

# Exit points
    END		no	End of program.
    SUCCEED	no	Return from a subroutine, basically.

# Anchors:
    BOL		no	Match "" at beginning of line.
    MBOL	no	Same, assuming multiline.
    SBOL	no	Same, assuming singleline.
    EOS		no	Match "" at end of string.
    EOL		no	Match "" at end of line.
    MEOL	no	Same, assuming multiline.
    SEOL	no	Same, assuming singleline.
    BOUND	no	Match "" at any word boundary
    BOUNDL	no	Match "" at any word boundary
    NBOUND	no	Match "" at any word non-boundary
    NBOUNDL	no	Match "" at any word non-boundary
    GPOS	no	Matches where last m//g left off.

# [Special] alternatives
    ANY		no	Match any one character (except newline).
    SANY	no	Match any one character.
    ANYOF	sv	Match character in (or not in) this class.
    ALNUM	no	Match any alphanumeric character
    ALNUML	no	Match any alphanumeric char in locale
    NALNUM	no	Match any non-alphanumeric character
    NALNUML	no	Match any non-alphanumeric char in locale
    SPACE	no	Match any whitespace character
    SPACEL	no	Match any whitespace char in locale
    NSPACE	no	Match any non-whitespace character
    NSPACEL	no	Match any non-whitespace char in locale
    DIGIT	no	Match any numeric character
    NDIGIT	no	Match any non-numeric character

# BRANCH	The set of branches constituting a single choice are hooked
    #		together with their "next" pointers, since precedence prevents
    #		anything being concatenated to any individual branch.  The
    #		"next" pointer of the last BRANCH in a choice points to the
    #		thing following the whole choice.  This is also where the
    #		final "next" pointer of each individual branch points; each
    #		branch starts with the operand node of a BRANCH node.
    #
    BRANCH	node	Match this alternative, or the next...

# BACK	Normal "next" pointers all implicitly point forward; BACK
    #		exists to make loop structures possible.
    # not used
    BACK	no	Match "", "next" ptr points backward.

# Literals
    EXACT	sv	Match this string (preceded by length).
    EXACTF	sv	Match this string, folded (prec. by length).
    EXACTFL	sv	Match this string, folded in locale (w/len).

# Do nothing
    NOTHING	no	Match empty string.
    # A variant of above which delimits a group, thus stops optimizations
    TAIL	no	Match empty string. Can jump here from outside.

# STAR,PLUS	'?', and complex '*' and '+', are implemented as circular
    #		BRANCH structures using BACK.  Simple cases (one character
    #		per match) are implemented with STAR and PLUS for speed
    #		and to minimize recursive plunges.
    #
    STAR	node	Match this (simple) thing 0 or more times.
    PLUS	node	Match this (simple) thing 1 or more times.

CURLY	sv 2	Match this simple thing {n,m} times.
    CURLYN	no 2	Match next-after-this simple thing 
    #			{n,m} times, set parens.
    CURLYM	no 2	Match this medium-complex thing {n,m} times.
    CURLYX	sv 2	Match this complex thing {n,m} times.

# This terminator creates a loop structure for CURLYX
    WHILEM	no	Do curly processing and see if rest matches.

# OPEN,CLOSE,GROUPP	...are numbered at compile time.
    OPEN	num 1	Mark this point in input as start of #n.
    CLOSE	num 1	Analogous to OPEN.

REF		num 1	Match some already matched string
    REFF	num 1	Match already matched string, folded
    REFFL	num 1	Match already matched string, folded in loc.

# grouping assertions
    IFMATCH	off 1 2	Succeeds if the following matches.
    UNLESSM	off 1 2	Fails if the following matches.
    SUSPEND	off 1 1	"Independent" sub-regex.
    IFTHEN	off 1 1	Switch, should be preceded by switcher .
    GROUPP	num 1	Whether the group matched.

# Support for long regex
    LONGJMP	off 1 1	Jump far away.
    BRANCHJ	off 1 1	BRANCH with long offset.

# The heavy worker
    EVAL	evl 1	Execute some Perl code.

# Modifiers
    MINMOD	no	Next operator is not greedy.
    LOGICAL	no	Next opcode should set the flag only.

# This is not used yet
    RENUM	off 1 1	Group with independently numbered parens.

# This is not really a node, but an optimized away piece of a "long" node.
    # To simplify debugging output, we mark it as if it were a node
    OPTIMIZED	off	Placeholder for dump.

=for unprinted-credits
Next section M-J. Dominus (mjd-perl-patch+@plover.com) 20010421

Following the optimizer information is a dump of the offset/length
table, here split across several lines:

Offsets: [45]
  	1[4] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 5[1]
  	0[0] 12[1] 0[0] 6[1] 0[0] 7[1] 0[0] 9[1] 8[1] 0[0] 10[1] 0[0]
  	11[1] 0[0] 12[0] 12[0] 13[1] 0[0] 14[4] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0]
  	0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 18[1] 0[0] 19[1] 20[0]

The first line here indicates that the offset/length table contains 45
entries.  Each entry is a pair of integers, denoted by C<offset[length]>.
Entries are numbered starting with 1, so entry #1 here is C<1[4]> and
entry #12 is C<5[1]>.  C<1[4]> indicates that the node labeled C<1:>
(the C<1: ANYOF[bc]>) begins at character position 1 in the
pre-compiled form of the regex, and has a length of 4 characters.
C<5[1]> in position 12 
indicates that the node labeled C<12:>
(the C<< 12: EXACT <d> >>) begins at character position 5 in the
pre-compiled form of the regex, and has a length of 1 character.
C<12[1]> in position 14 
indicates that the node labeled C<14:>
(the C<< 14: CURLYX[0] {1,32767} >>) begins at character position 12 in the
pre-compiled form of the regex, and has a length of 1 character---that
is, it corresponds to the C<+> symbol in the precompiled regex.

C<0[0]> items indicate that there is no corresponding node.

=head2 Run-time output

First of all, when doing a match, one may get no run-time output even
if debugging is enabled.  This means that the regex engine was never
entered and that all of the job was therefore done by the optimizer.

If the regex engine was entered, the output may look like this:

Matching `[bc]d(ef*g)+h[ij]k$' against `abcdefg__gh__'
    Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=3
     2 <ab> <cdefg__gh_>    |  1: ANYOF
     3 <abc> <defg__gh_>    | 11: EXACT <d>
     4 <abcd> <efg__gh_>    | 13: CURLYX {1,32767}
     4 <abcd> <efg__gh_>    | 26:   WHILEM
				0 out of 1..32767  cc=effff31c
     4 <abcd> <efg__gh_>    | 15:     OPEN1
     4 <abcd> <efg__gh_>    | 17:     EXACT <e>
     5 <abcde> <fg__gh_>    | 19:     STAR
			     EXACT <f> can match 1 times out of 32767...
    Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=3
     6 <bcdef> <g__gh__>    | 22:       EXACT <g>
     7 <bcdefg> <__gh__>    | 24:       CLOSE1
     7 <bcdefg> <__gh__>    | 26:       WHILEM
				    1 out of 1..32767  cc=effff31c
    Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=12
     7 <bcdefg> <__gh__>    | 15:         OPEN1
     7 <bcdefg> <__gh__>    | 17:         EXACT <e>
       restoring \1 to 4(4)..7
				    failed, try continuation...
     7 <bcdefg> <__gh__>    | 27:         NOTHING
     7 <bcdefg> <__gh__>    | 28:         EXACT <h>
				    failed...
				failed...

The most significant information in the output is about the particular I<node>
of the compiled regex that is currently being tested against the target string.
The format of these lines is

C<    >I<STRING-OFFSET> <I<PRE-STRING>> <I<POST-STRING>>   |I<ID>:  I<TYPE>

The I<TYPE> info is indented with respect to the backtracking level.
Other incidental information appears interspersed within.

=head1 Debugging Perl memory usage

Perl is a profligate wastrel when it comes to memory use.  There
is a saying that to estimate memory usage of Perl, assume a reasonable
algorithm for memory allocation, multiply that estimate by 10, and
while you still may miss the mark, at least you won't be quite so
astonished.  This is not absolutely true, but may provide a good
grasp of what happens.

Assume that an integer cannot take less than 20 bytes of memory, a
float cannot take less than 24 bytes, a string cannot take less
than 32 bytes (all these examples assume 32-bit architectures, the
result are quite a bit worse on 64-bit architectures).  If a variable
is accessed in two of three different ways (which require an integer,
a float, or a string), the memory footprint may increase yet another
20 bytes.  A sloppy malloc(3) implementation can inflate these
numbers dramatically.

On the opposite end of the scale, a declaration like

sub foo;

may take up to 500 bytes of memory, depending on which release of Perl
you're running.

Anecdotal estimates of source-to-compiled code bloat suggest an
eightfold increase.  This means that the compiled form of reasonable
(normally commented, properly indented etc.) code will take
about eight times more space in memory than the code took
on disk.

The B<-DL> command-line switch is obsolete since circa Perl 5.6.0
(it was available only if Perl was built with C<-DDEBUGGING>).
The switch was used to track Perl's memory allocations and possible
memory leaks.  These days the use of malloc debugging tools like
F<Purify> or F<valgrind> is suggested instead.  See also
L<perlhack/PERL_MEM_LOG>.

One way to find out how much memory is being used by Perl data
structures is to install the Devel::Size module from CPAN: it gives
you the minimum number of bytes required to store a particular data
structure.  Please be mindful of the difference between the size()
and total_size().

If Perl has been compiled using Perl's malloc you can analyze Perl
memory usage by setting the $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}.

=head2 Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>

If your perl is using Perl's malloc() and was compiled with the
necessary switches (this is the default), then it will print memory
usage statistics after compiling your code when C<< $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}
> 1 >>, and before termination of the program when C<<
$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS} >= 1 >>.  The report format is similar to
the following example:

$ PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS=2 perl -e "require Carp"
  Memory allocation statistics after compilation: (buckets 4(4)..8188(8192)
     14216 free:   130   117    28     7     9   0   2     2   1 0 0
		437    61    36     0     5
     60924 used:   125   137   161    55     7   8   6    16   2 0 1
		 74   109   304    84    20
  Total sbrk(): 77824/21:119. Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: 0+636+0+2048.
  Memory allocation statistics after execution:   (buckets 4(4)..8188(8192)
     30888 free:   245    78    85    13     6   2   1     3   2 0 1
		315   162    39    42    11
    175816 used:   265   176  1112   111    26  22  11    27   2 1 1
		196   178  1066   798    39
  Total sbrk(): 215040/47:145. Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: 0+2192+0+6144.

It is possible to ask for such a statistic at arbitrary points in
your execution using the mstat() function out of the standard
Devel::Peek module.

Here is some explanation of that format:

=over 4

=item C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>

Perl's malloc() uses bucketed allocations.  Every request is rounded
up to the closest bucket size available, and a bucket is taken from
the pool of buckets of that size.

The line above describes the limits of buckets currently in use.
Each bucket has two sizes: memory footprint and the maximal size
of user data that can fit into this bucket.  Suppose in the above
example that the smallest bucket were size 4.  The biggest bucket
would have usable size 8188, and the memory footprint would be 8192.

In a Perl built for debugging, some buckets may have negative usable
size.  This means that these buckets cannot (and will not) be used.
For larger buckets, the memory footprint may be one page greater
than a power of 2.  If so, case the corresponding power of two is
printed in the C<APPROX> field above.

=item Free/Used

The 1 or 2 rows of numbers following that correspond to the number
of buckets of each size between C<SMALLEST> and C<GREATEST>.  In
the first row, the sizes (memory footprints) of buckets are powers
of two--or possibly one page greater.  In the second row, if present,
the memory footprints of the buckets are between the memory footprints
of two buckets "above".

For example, suppose under the previous example, the memory footprints
were

free:    8     16    32    64    128  256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192
	   4     12    24    48    80

With non-C<DEBUGGING> perl, the buckets starting from C<128> have
a 4-byte overhead, and thus an 8192-long bucket may take up to
8188-byte allocations.

=item C<Total sbrk(): SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>

The first two fields give the total amount of memory perl sbrk(2)ed
(ess-broken? :-) and number of sbrk(2)s used.  The third number is
what perl thinks about continuity of returned chunks.  So long as
this number is positive, malloc() will assume that it is probable
that sbrk(2) will provide continuous memory.

Memory allocated by external libraries is not counted.

=item C<pad: 0>

The amount of sbrk(2)ed memory needed to keep buckets aligned.

=item C<heads: 2192>

Although memory overhead of bigger buckets is kept inside the bucket, for
smaller buckets, it is kept in separate areas.  This field gives the
total size of these areas.

=item C<chain: 0>

malloc() may want to subdivide a bigger bucket into smaller buckets.
If only a part of the deceased bucket is left unsubdivided, the rest
is kept as an element of a linked list.  This field gives the total
size of these chunks.

=item C<tail: 6144>

To minimize the number of sbrk(2)s, malloc() asks for more memory.  This
field gives the size of the yet unused part, which is sbrk(2)ed, but
never touched.

=back

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<perldebug>,
L<perlguts>,
L<perlrun>
L<re>,
and
L<Devel::DProf>.

cmd: