FM / cffi

/opt/alt/python38/lib64/python3.8/site-packages/cffi/

/opt/alt/python38/lib64/python3.8/site-packages/cffi

Name	Size	Mode	Actions
__pycache__/	-	0755	rm
api.py	42064	0644	edit dl rm
backend_ctypes.py	42454	0644	edit dl rm
cffi_opcode.py	5724	0644	edit dl rm
commontypes.py	2689	0644	edit dl rm
cparser.py	42071	0644	edit dl rm
error.py	877	0644	edit dl rm
ffiplatform.py	4046	0644	edit dl rm
lock.py	747	0644	edit dl rm
model.py	21682	0644	edit dl rm
parse_c_type.h	5976	0644	edit dl rm
pkgconfig.py	4374	0644	edit dl rm
recompiler.py	63217	0644	edit dl rm
setuptools_ext.py	8848	0644	edit dl rm
vengine_cpy.py	43314	0644	edit dl rm
vengine_gen.py	26676	0644	edit dl rm
verifier.py	11207	0644	edit dl rm
_cffi_errors.h	3856	0644	edit dl rm
_cffi_include.h	13482	0644	edit dl rm
_embedding.h	17411	0644	edit dl rm
__init__.py	513	0644	edit dl rm

Edit: /opt/alt/python38/lib64/python3.8/site-packages/cffi/cparser.py (42071B)

from . import model
from .commontypes import COMMON_TYPES, resolve_common_type
from .error import FFIError, CDefError
try:
    from . import _pycparser as pycparser
except ImportError:
    import pycparser
import weakref, re, sys

try:
    if sys.version_info < (3,):
        import thread as _thread
    else:
        import _thread
    lock = _thread.allocate_lock()
except ImportError:
    lock = None

def _workaround_for_static_import_finders():
    # Issue #392: packaging tools like cx_Freeze can not find these
    # because pycparser uses exec dynamic import.  This is an obscure
    # workaround.  This function is never called.
    import pycparser.yacctab
    import pycparser.lextab

CDEF_SOURCE_STRING = "<cdef source string>"
_r_comment = re.compile(r"/\*.*?\*/|//([^\n\\]|\\.)*?$",
                        re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
_r_define  = re.compile(r"^\s*#\s*define\s+([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z_0-9]*)"
                        r"\b((?:[^\n\\]|\\.)*?)$",
                        re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
_r_partial_enum = re.compile(r"=\s*\.\.\.\s*[,}]|\.\.\.\s*\}")
_r_enum_dotdotdot = re.compile(r"__dotdotdot\d+__$")
_r_partial_array = re.compile(r"\[\s*\.\.\.\s*\]")
_r_words = re.compile(r"\w+|\S")
_parser_cache = None
_r_int_literal = re.compile(r"-?0?x?[0-9a-f]+[lu]*$", re.IGNORECASE)
_r_stdcall1 = re.compile(r"\b(__stdcall|WINAPI)\b")
_r_stdcall2 = re.compile(r"[(]\s*(__stdcall|WINAPI)\b")
_r_cdecl = re.compile(r"\b__cdecl\b")
_r_extern_python = re.compile(r'\bextern\s*"'
                              r'(Python|Python\s*\+\s*C|C\s*\+\s*Python)"\s*.')
_r_star_const_space = re.compile(       # matches "* const "
    r"[*]\s*((const|volatile|restrict)\b\s*)+")
_r_int_dotdotdot = re.compile(r"(\b(int|long|short|signed|unsigned|char)\s*)+"
                              r"\.\.\.")
_r_float_dotdotdot = re.compile(r"\b(double|float)\s*\.\.\.")

def _get_parser():
    global _parser_cache
    if _parser_cache is None:
        _parser_cache = pycparser.CParser()
    return _parser_cache

def _workaround_for_old_pycparser(csource):
    # Workaround for a pycparser issue (fixed between pycparser 2.10 and
    # 2.14): "char*const***" gives us a wrong syntax tree, the same as
    # for "char***(*const)".  This means we can't tell the difference
    # afterwards.  But "char(*const(***))" gives us the right syntax
    # tree.  The issue only occurs if there are several stars in
    # sequence with no parenthesis inbetween, just possibly qualifiers.
    # Attempt to fix it by adding some parentheses in the source: each
    # time we see "* const" or "* const *", we add an opening
    # parenthesis before each star---the hard part is figuring out where
    # to close them.
    parts = []
    while True:
        match = _r_star_const_space.search(csource)
        if not match:
            break
        #print repr(''.join(parts)+csource), '=>',
        parts.append(csource[:match.start()])
        parts.append('('); closing = ')'
        parts.append(match.group())   # e.g. "* const "
        endpos = match.end()
        if csource.startswith('*', endpos):
            parts.append('('); closing += ')'
        level = 0
        i = endpos
        while i < len(csource):
            c = csource[i]
            if c == '(':
                level += 1
            elif c == ')':
                if level == 0:
                    break
                level -= 1
            elif c in ',;=':
                if level == 0:
                    break
            i += 1
        csource = csource[endpos:i] + closing + csource[i:]
        #print repr(''.join(parts)+csource)
    parts.append(csource)
    return ''.join(parts)

def _preprocess_extern_python(csource):
    # input: `extern "Python" int foo(int);` or
    #        `extern "Python" { int foo(int); }`
    # output:
    #     void __cffi_extern_python_start;
    #     int foo(int);
    #     void __cffi_extern_python_stop;
    #
    # input: `extern "Python+C" int foo(int);`
    # output:
    #     void __cffi_extern_python_plus_c_start;
    #     int foo(int);
    #     void __cffi_extern_python_stop;
    parts = []
    while True:
        match = _r_extern_python.search(csource)
        if not match:
            break
        endpos = match.end() - 1
        #print
        #print ''.join(parts)+csource
        #print '=>'
        parts.append(csource[:match.start()])
        if 'C' in match.group(1):
            parts.append('void __cffi_extern_python_plus_c_start; ')
        else:
            parts.append('void __cffi_extern_python_start; ')
        if csource[endpos] == '{':
            # grouping variant
            closing = csource.find('}', endpos)
            if closing < 0:
                raise CDefError("'extern \"Python\" {': no '}' found")
            if csource.find('{', endpos + 1, closing) >= 0:
                raise NotImplementedError("cannot use { } inside a block "
                                          "'extern \"Python\" { ... }'")
            parts.append(csource[endpos+1:closing])
            csource = csource[closing+1:]
        else:
            # non-grouping variant
            semicolon = csource.find(';', endpos)
            if semicolon < 0:
                raise CDefError("'extern \"Python\": no ';' found")
            parts.append(csource[endpos:semicolon+1])
            csource = csource[semicolon+1:]
        parts.append(' void __cffi_extern_python_stop;')
        #print ''.join(parts)+csource
        #print
    parts.append(csource)
    return ''.join(parts)

def _warn_for_string_literal(csource):
    if '"' not in csource:
        return
    for line in csource.splitlines():
        if '"' in line and not line.lstrip().startswith('#'):
            import warnings
            warnings.warn("String literal found in cdef() or type source. "
                          "String literals are ignored here, but you should "
                          "remove them anyway because some character sequences "
                          "confuse pre-parsing.")
            break

def _warn_for_non_extern_non_static_global_variable(decl):
    if not decl.storage:
        import warnings
        warnings.warn("Global variable '%s' in cdef(): for consistency "
                      "with C it should have a storage class specifier "
                      "(usually 'extern')" % (decl.name,))

def _preprocess(csource):
    # Remove comments.  NOTE: this only work because the cdef() section
    # should not contain any string literal!
    csource = _r_comment.sub(' ', csource)
    # Remove the "#define FOO x" lines
    macros = {}
    for match in _r_define.finditer(csource):
        macroname, macrovalue = match.groups()
        macrovalue = macrovalue.replace('\\\n', '').strip()
        macros[macroname] = macrovalue
    csource = _r_define.sub('', csource)
    #
    if pycparser.__version__ < '2.14':
        csource = _workaround_for_old_pycparser(csource)
    #
    # BIG HACK: replace WINAPI or __stdcall with "volatile const".
    # It doesn't make sense for the return type of a function to be
    # "volatile volatile const", so we abuse it to detect __stdcall...
    # Hack number 2 is that "int(volatile *fptr)();" is not valid C
    # syntax, so we place the "volatile" before the opening parenthesis.
    csource = _r_stdcall2.sub(' volatile volatile const(', csource)
    csource = _r_stdcall1.sub(' volatile volatile const ', csource)
    csource = _r_cdecl.sub(' ', csource)
    #
    # Replace `extern "Python"` with start/end markers
    csource = _preprocess_extern_python(csource)
    #
    # Now there should not be any string literal left; warn if we get one
    _warn_for_string_literal(csource)
    #
    # Replace "[...]" with "[__dotdotdotarray__]"
    csource = _r_partial_array.sub('[__dotdotdotarray__]', csource)
    #
    # Replace "...}" with "__dotdotdotNUM__}".  This construction should
    # occur only at the end of enums; at the end of structs we have "...;}"
    # and at the end of vararg functions "...);".  Also replace "=...[,}]"
    # with ",__dotdotdotNUM__[,}]": this occurs in the enums too, when
    # giving an unknown value.
    matches = list(_r_partial_enum.finditer(csource))
    for number, match in enumerate(reversed(matches)):
        p = match.start()
        if csource[p] == '=':
            p2 = csource.find('...', p, match.end())
            assert p2 > p
            csource = '%s,__dotdotdot%d__ %s' % (csource[:p], number,
                                                 csource[p2+3:])
        else:
            assert csource[p:p+3] == '...'
            csource = '%s __dotdotdot%d__ %s' % (csource[:p], number,
                                                 csource[p+3:])
    # Replace "int ..." or "unsigned long int..." with "__dotdotdotint__"
    csource = _r_int_dotdotdot.sub(' __dotdotdotint__ ', csource)
    # Replace "float ..." or "double..." with "__dotdotdotfloat__"
    csource = _r_float_dotdotdot.sub(' __dotdotdotfloat__ ', csource)
    # Replace all remaining "..." with the same name, "__dotdotdot__",
    # which is declared with a typedef for the purpose of C parsing.
    return csource.replace('...', ' __dotdotdot__ '), macros

def _common_type_names(csource):
    # Look in the source for what looks like usages of types from the
    # list of common types.  A "usage" is approximated here as the
    # appearance of the word, minus a "definition" of the type, which
    # is the last word in a "typedef" statement.  Approximative only
    # but should be fine for all the common types.
    look_for_words = set(COMMON_TYPES)
    look_for_words.add(';')
    look_for_words.add(',')
    look_for_words.add('(')
    look_for_words.add(')')
    look_for_words.add('typedef')
    words_used = set()
    is_typedef = False
    paren = 0
    previous_word = ''
    for word in _r_words.findall(csource):
        if word in look_for_words:
            if word == ';':
                if is_typedef:
                    words_used.discard(previous_word)
                    look_for_words.discard(previous_word)
                    is_typedef = False
            elif word == 'typedef':
                is_typedef = True
                paren = 0
            elif word == '(':
                paren += 1
            elif word == ')':
                paren -= 1
            elif word == ',':
                if is_typedef and paren == 0:
                    words_used.discard(previous_word)
                    look_for_words.discard(previous_word)
            else:   # word in COMMON_TYPES
                words_used.add(word)
        previous_word = word
    return words_used

class Parser(object):

def __init__(self):
        self._declarations = {}
        self._included_declarations = set()
        self._anonymous_counter = 0
        self._structnode2type = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
        self._options = {}
        self._int_constants = {}
        self._recomplete = []
        self._uses_new_feature = None

def _parse(self, csource):
        csource, macros = _preprocess(csource)
        # XXX: for more efficiency we would need to poke into the
        # internals of CParser...  the following registers the
        # typedefs, because their presence or absence influences the
        # parsing itself (but what they are typedef'ed to plays no role)
        ctn = _common_type_names(csource)
        typenames = []
        for name in sorted(self._declarations):
            if name.startswith('typedef '):
                name = name[8:]
                typenames.append(name)
                ctn.discard(name)
        typenames += sorted(ctn)
        #
        csourcelines = []
        csourcelines.append('# 1 "<cdef automatic initialization code>"')
        for typename in typenames:
            csourcelines.append('typedef int %s;' % typename)
        csourcelines.append('typedef int __dotdotdotint__, __dotdotdotfloat__,'
                            ' __dotdotdot__;')
        # this forces pycparser to consider the following in the file
        # called <cdef source string> from line 1
        csourcelines.append('# 1 "%s"' % (CDEF_SOURCE_STRING,))
        csourcelines.append(csource)
        fullcsource = '\n'.join(csourcelines)
        if lock is not None:
            lock.acquire()     # pycparser is not thread-safe...
        try:
            ast = _get_parser().parse(fullcsource)
        except pycparser.c_parser.ParseError as e:
            self.convert_pycparser_error(e, csource)
        finally:
            if lock is not None:
                lock.release()
        # csource will be used to find buggy source text
        return ast, macros, csource

def _convert_pycparser_error(self, e, csource):
        # xxx look for "<cdef source string>:NUM:" at the start of str(e)
        # and interpret that as a line number.  This will not work if
        # the user gives explicit ``# NUM "FILE"`` directives.
        line = None
        msg = str(e)
        match = re.match(r"%s:(\d+):" % (CDEF_SOURCE_STRING,), msg)
        if match:
            linenum = int(match.group(1), 10)
            csourcelines = csource.splitlines()
            if 1 <= linenum <= len(csourcelines):
                line = csourcelines[linenum-1]
        return line

def convert_pycparser_error(self, e, csource):
        line = self._convert_pycparser_error(e, csource)

msg = str(e)
        if line:
            msg = 'cannot parse "%s"\n%s' % (line.strip(), msg)
        else:
            msg = 'parse error\n%s' % (msg,)
        raise CDefError(msg)

def parse(self, csource, override=False, packed=False, pack=None,
                    dllexport=False):
        if packed:
            if packed != True:
                raise ValueError("'packed' should be False or True; use "
                                 "'pack' to give another value")
            if pack:
                raise ValueError("cannot give both 'pack' and 'packed'")
            pack = 1
        elif pack:
            if pack & (pack - 1):
                raise ValueError("'pack' must be a power of two, not %r" %
                    (pack,))
        else:
            pack = 0
        prev_options = self._options
        try:
            self._options = {'override': override,
                             'packed': pack,
                             'dllexport': dllexport}
            self._internal_parse(csource)
        finally:
            self._options = prev_options

def _internal_parse(self, csource):
        ast, macros, csource = self._parse(csource)
        # add the macros
        self._process_macros(macros)
        # find the first "__dotdotdot__" and use that as a separator
        # between the repeated typedefs and the real csource
        iterator = iter(ast.ext)
        for decl in iterator:
            if decl.name == '__dotdotdot__':
                break
        else:
            assert 0
        current_decl = None
        #
        try:
            self._inside_extern_python = '__cffi_extern_python_stop'
            for decl in iterator:
                current_decl = decl
                if isinstance(decl, pycparser.c_ast.Decl):
                    self._parse_decl(decl)
                elif isinstance(decl, pycparser.c_ast.Typedef):
                    if not decl.name:
                        raise CDefError("typedef does not declare any name",
                                        decl)
                    quals = 0
                    if (isinstance(decl.type.type, pycparser.c_ast.IdentifierType) and
                            decl.type.type.names[-1].startswith('__dotdotdot')):
                        realtype = self._get_unknown_type(decl)
                    elif (isinstance(decl.type, pycparser.c_ast.PtrDecl) and
                          isinstance(decl.type.type, pycparser.c_ast.TypeDecl) and
                          isinstance(decl.type.type.type,
                                     pycparser.c_ast.IdentifierType) and
                          decl.type.type.type.names[-1].startswith('__dotdotdot')):
                        realtype = self._get_unknown_ptr_type(decl)
                    else:
                        realtype, quals = self._get_type_and_quals(
                            decl.type, name=decl.name, partial_length_ok=True)
                    self._declare('typedef ' + decl.name, realtype, quals=quals)
                elif decl.__class__.__name__ == 'Pragma':
                    pass    # skip pragma, only in pycparser 2.15
                else:
                    raise CDefError("unexpected <%s>: this construct is valid "
                                    "C but not valid in cdef()" %
                                    decl.__class__.__name__, decl)
        except CDefError as e:
            if len(e.args) == 1:
                e.args = e.args + (current_decl,)
            raise
        except FFIError as e:
            msg = self._convert_pycparser_error(e, csource)
            if msg:
                e.args = (e.args[0] + "\n    *** Err: %s" % msg,)
            raise

def _add_constants(self, key, val):
        if key in self._int_constants:
            if self._int_constants[key] == val:
                return     # ignore identical double declarations
            raise FFIError(
                "multiple declarations of constant: %s" % (key,))
        self._int_constants[key] = val

def _add_integer_constant(self, name, int_str):
        int_str = int_str.lower().rstrip("ul")
        neg = int_str.startswith('-')
        if neg:
            int_str = int_str[1:]
        # "010" is not valid oct in py3
        if (int_str.startswith("0") and int_str != '0'
                and not int_str.startswith("0x")):
            int_str = "0o" + int_str[1:]
        pyvalue = int(int_str, 0)
        if neg:
            pyvalue = -pyvalue
        self._add_constants(name, pyvalue)
        self._declare('macro ' + name, pyvalue)

def _process_macros(self, macros):
        for key, value in macros.items():
            value = value.strip()
            if _r_int_literal.match(value):
                self._add_integer_constant(key, value)
            elif value == '...':
                self._declare('macro ' + key, value)
            else:
                raise CDefError(
                    'only supports one of the following syntax:\n'
                    '  #define %s ...     (literally dot-dot-dot)\n'
                    '  #define %s NUMBER  (with NUMBER an integer'
                                    ' constant, decimal/hex/octal)\n'
                    'got:\n'
                    '  #define %s %s'
                    % (key, key, key, value))

def _declare_function(self, tp, quals, decl):
        tp = self._get_type_pointer(tp, quals)
        if self._options.get('dllexport'):
            tag = 'dllexport_python '
        elif self._inside_extern_python == '__cffi_extern_python_start':
            tag = 'extern_python '
        elif self._inside_extern_python == '__cffi_extern_python_plus_c_start':
            tag = 'extern_python_plus_c '
        else:
            tag = 'function '
        self._declare(tag + decl.name, tp)

def _parse_decl(self, decl):
        node = decl.type
        if isinstance(node, pycparser.c_ast.FuncDecl):
            tp, quals = self._get_type_and_quals(node, name=decl.name)
            assert isinstance(tp, model.RawFunctionType)
            self._declare_function(tp, quals, decl)
        else:
            if isinstance(node, pycparser.c_ast.Struct):
                self._get_struct_union_enum_type('struct', node)
            elif isinstance(node, pycparser.c_ast.Union):
                self._get_struct_union_enum_type('union', node)
            elif isinstance(node, pycparser.c_ast.Enum):
                self._get_struct_union_enum_type('enum', node)
            elif not decl.name:
                raise CDefError("construct does not declare any variable",
                                decl)
            #
            if decl.name:
                tp, quals = self._get_type_and_quals(node,
                                                     partial_length_ok=True)
                if tp.is_raw_function:
                    self._declare_function(tp, quals, decl)
                elif (tp.is_integer_type() and
                        hasattr(decl, 'init') and
                        hasattr(decl.init, 'value') and
                        _r_int_literal.match(decl.init.value)):
                    self._add_integer_constant(decl.name, decl.init.value)
                elif (tp.is_integer_type() and
                        isinstance(decl.init, pycparser.c_ast.UnaryOp) and
                        decl.init.op == '-' and
                        hasattr(decl.init.expr, 'value') and
                        _r_int_literal.match(decl.init.expr.value)):
                    self._add_integer_constant(decl.name,
                                               '-' + decl.init.expr.value)
                elif (tp is model.void_type and
                      decl.name.startswith('__cffi_extern_python_')):
                    # hack: `extern "Python"` in the C source is replaced
                    # with "void __cffi_extern_python_start;" and
                    # "void __cffi_extern_python_stop;"
                    self._inside_extern_python = decl.name
                else:
                    if self._inside_extern_python !='__cffi_extern_python_stop':
                        raise CDefError(
                            "cannot declare constants or "
                            "variables with 'extern \"Python\"'")
                    if (quals & model.Q_CONST) and not tp.is_array_type:
                        self._declare('constant ' + decl.name, tp, quals=quals)
                    else:
                        _warn_for_non_extern_non_static_global_variable(decl)
                        self._declare('variable ' + decl.name, tp, quals=quals)

def parse_type(self, cdecl):
        return self.parse_type_and_quals(cdecl)[0]

def parse_type_and_quals(self, cdecl):
        ast, macros = self._parse('void __dummy(\n%s\n);' % cdecl)[:2]
        assert not macros
        exprnode = ast.ext[-1].type.args.params[0]
        if isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.ID):
            raise CDefError("unknown identifier '%s'" % (exprnode.name,))
        return self._get_type_and_quals(exprnode.type)

def _declare(self, name, obj, included=False, quals=0):
        if name in self._declarations:
            prevobj, prevquals = self._declarations[name]
            if prevobj is obj and prevquals == quals:
                return
            if not self._options.get('override'):
                raise FFIError(
                    "multiple declarations of %s (for interactive usage, "
                    "try cdef(xx, override=True))" % (name,))
        assert '__dotdotdot__' not in name.split()
        self._declarations[name] = (obj, quals)
        if included:
            self._included_declarations.add(obj)

def _extract_quals(self, type):
        quals = 0
        if isinstance(type, (pycparser.c_ast.TypeDecl,
                             pycparser.c_ast.PtrDecl)):
            if 'const' in type.quals:
                quals |= model.Q_CONST
            if 'volatile' in type.quals:
                quals |= model.Q_VOLATILE
            if 'restrict' in type.quals:
                quals |= model.Q_RESTRICT
        return quals

def _get_type_pointer(self, type, quals, declname=None):
        if isinstance(type, model.RawFunctionType):
            return type.as_function_pointer()
        if (isinstance(type, model.StructOrUnionOrEnum) and
                type.name.startswith('$') and type.name[1:].isdigit() and
                type.forcename is None and declname is not None):
            return model.NamedPointerType(type, declname, quals)
        return model.PointerType(type, quals)

def _get_type_and_quals(self, typenode, name=None, partial_length_ok=False):
        # first, dereference typedefs, if we have it already parsed, we're good
        if (isinstance(typenode, pycparser.c_ast.TypeDecl) and
            isinstance(typenode.type, pycparser.c_ast.IdentifierType) and
            len(typenode.type.names) == 1 and
            ('typedef ' + typenode.type.names[0]) in self._declarations):
            tp, quals = self._declarations['typedef ' + typenode.type.names[0]]
            quals |= self._extract_quals(typenode)
            return tp, quals
        #
        if isinstance(typenode, pycparser.c_ast.ArrayDecl):
            # array type
            if typenode.dim is None:
                length = None
            else:
                length = self._parse_constant(
                    typenode.dim, partial_length_ok=partial_length_ok)
            tp, quals = self._get_type_and_quals(typenode.type,
                                partial_length_ok=partial_length_ok)
            return model.ArrayType(tp, length), quals
        #
        if isinstance(typenode, pycparser.c_ast.PtrDecl):
            # pointer type
            itemtype, itemquals = self._get_type_and_quals(typenode.type)
            tp = self._get_type_pointer(itemtype, itemquals, declname=name)
            quals = self._extract_quals(typenode)
            return tp, quals
        #
        if isinstance(typenode, pycparser.c_ast.TypeDecl):
            quals = self._extract_quals(typenode)
            type = typenode.type
            if isinstance(type, pycparser.c_ast.IdentifierType):
                # assume a primitive type.  get it from .names, but reduce
                # synonyms to a single chosen combination
                names = list(type.names)
                if names != ['signed', 'char']:    # keep this unmodified
                    prefixes = {}
                    while names:
                        name = names[0]
                        if name in ('short', 'long', 'signed', 'unsigned'):
                            prefixes[name] = prefixes.get(name, 0) + 1
                            del names[0]
                        else:
                            break
                    # ignore the 'signed' prefix below, and reorder the others
                    newnames = []
                    for prefix in ('unsigned', 'short', 'long'):
                        for i in range(prefixes.get(prefix, 0)):
                            newnames.append(prefix)
                    if not names:
                        names = ['int']    # implicitly
                    if names == ['int']:   # but kill it if 'short' or 'long'
                        if 'short' in prefixes or 'long' in prefixes:
                            names = []
                    names = newnames + names
                ident = ' '.join(names)
                if ident == 'void':
                    return model.void_type, quals
                if ident == '__dotdotdot__':
                    raise FFIError(':%d: bad usage of "..."' %
                            typenode.coord.line)
                tp0, quals0 = resolve_common_type(self, ident)
                return tp0, (quals | quals0)
            #
            if isinstance(type, pycparser.c_ast.Struct):
                # 'struct foobar'
                tp = self._get_struct_union_enum_type('struct', type, name)
                return tp, quals
            #
            if isinstance(type, pycparser.c_ast.Union):
                # 'union foobar'
                tp = self._get_struct_union_enum_type('union', type, name)
                return tp, quals
            #
            if isinstance(type, pycparser.c_ast.Enum):
                # 'enum foobar'
                tp = self._get_struct_union_enum_type('enum', type, name)
                return tp, quals
        #
        if isinstance(typenode, pycparser.c_ast.FuncDecl):
            # a function type
            return self._parse_function_type(typenode, name), 0
        #
        # nested anonymous structs or unions end up here
        if isinstance(typenode, pycparser.c_ast.Struct):
            return self._get_struct_union_enum_type('struct', typenode, name,
                                                    nested=True), 0
        if isinstance(typenode, pycparser.c_ast.Union):
            return self._get_struct_union_enum_type('union', typenode, name,
                                                    nested=True), 0
        #
        raise FFIError(":%d: bad or unsupported type declaration" %
                typenode.coord.line)

def _parse_function_type(self, typenode, funcname=None):
        params = list(getattr(typenode.args, 'params', []))
        for i, arg in enumerate(params):
            if not hasattr(arg, 'type'):
                raise CDefError("%s arg %d: unknown type '%s'"
                    " (if you meant to use the old C syntax of giving"
                    " untyped arguments, it is not supported)"
                    % (funcname or 'in expression', i + 1,
                       getattr(arg, 'name', '?')))
        ellipsis = (
            len(params) > 0 and
            isinstance(params[-1].type, pycparser.c_ast.TypeDecl) and
            isinstance(params[-1].type.type,
                       pycparser.c_ast.IdentifierType) and
            params[-1].type.type.names == ['__dotdotdot__'])
        if ellipsis:
            params.pop()
            if not params:
                raise CDefError(
                    "%s: a function with only '(...)' as argument"
                    " is not correct C" % (funcname or 'in expression'))
        args = [self._as_func_arg(*self._get_type_and_quals(argdeclnode.type))
                for argdeclnode in params]
        if not ellipsis and args == [model.void_type]:
            args = []
        result, quals = self._get_type_and_quals(typenode.type)
        # the 'quals' on the result type are ignored.  HACK: we absure them
        # to detect __stdcall functions: we textually replace "__stdcall"
        # with "volatile volatile const" above.
        abi = None
        if hasattr(typenode.type, 'quals'): # else, probable syntax error anyway
            if typenode.type.quals[-3:] == ['volatile', 'volatile', 'const']:
                abi = '__stdcall'
        return model.RawFunctionType(tuple(args), result, ellipsis, abi)

def _as_func_arg(self, type, quals):
        if isinstance(type, model.ArrayType):
            return model.PointerType(type.item, quals)
        elif isinstance(type, model.RawFunctionType):
            return type.as_function_pointer()
        else:
            return type

def _get_struct_union_enum_type(self, kind, type, name=None, nested=False):
        # First, a level of caching on the exact 'type' node of the AST.
        # This is obscure, but needed because pycparser "unrolls" declarations
        # such as "typedef struct { } foo_t, *foo_p" and we end up with
        # an AST that is not a tree, but a DAG, with the "type" node of the
        # two branches foo_t and foo_p of the trees being the same node.
        # It's a bit silly but detecting "DAG-ness" in the AST tree seems
        # to be the only way to distinguish this case from two independent
        # structs.  See test_struct_with_two_usages.
        try:
            return self._structnode2type[type]
        except KeyError:
            pass
        #
        # Note that this must handle parsing "struct foo" any number of
        # times and always return the same StructType object.  Additionally,
        # one of these times (not necessarily the first), the fields of
        # the struct can be specified with "struct foo { ...fields... }".
        # If no name is given, then we have to create a new anonymous struct
        # with no caching; in this case, the fields are either specified
        # right now or never.
        #
        force_name = name
        name = type.name
        #
        # get the type or create it if needed
        if name is None:
            # 'force_name' is used to guess a more readable name for
            # anonymous structs, for the common case "typedef struct { } foo".
            if force_name is not None:
                explicit_name = '$%s' % force_name
            else:
                self._anonymous_counter += 1
                explicit_name = '$%d' % self._anonymous_counter
            tp = None
        else:
            explicit_name = name
            key = '%s %s' % (kind, name)
            tp, _ = self._declarations.get(key, (None, None))
        #
        if tp is None:
            if kind == 'struct':
                tp = model.StructType(explicit_name, None, None, None)
            elif kind == 'union':
                tp = model.UnionType(explicit_name, None, None, None)
            elif kind == 'enum':
                if explicit_name == '__dotdotdot__':
                    raise CDefError("Enums cannot be declared with ...")
                tp = self._build_enum_type(explicit_name, type.values)
            else:
                raise AssertionError("kind = %r" % (kind,))
            if name is not None:
                self._declare(key, tp)
        else:
            if kind == 'enum' and type.values is not None:
                raise NotImplementedError(
                    "enum %s: the '{}' declaration should appear on the first "
                    "time the enum is mentioned, not later" % explicit_name)
        if not tp.forcename:
            tp.force_the_name(force_name)
        if tp.forcename and '$' in tp.name:
            self._declare('anonymous %s' % tp.forcename, tp)
        #
        self._structnode2type[type] = tp
        #
        # enums: done here
        if kind == 'enum':
            return tp
        #
        # is there a 'type.decls'?  If yes, then this is the place in the
        # C sources that declare the fields.  If no, then just return the
        # existing type, possibly still incomplete.
        if type.decls is None:
            return tp
        #
        if tp.fldnames is not None:
            raise CDefError("duplicate declaration of struct %s" % name)
        fldnames = []
        fldtypes = []
        fldbitsize = []
        fldquals = []
        for decl in type.decls:
            if (isinstance(decl.type, pycparser.c_ast.IdentifierType) and
                    ''.join(decl.type.names) == '__dotdotdot__'):
                # XXX pycparser is inconsistent: 'names' should be a list
                # of strings, but is sometimes just one string.  Use
                # str.join() as a way to cope with both.
                self._make_partial(tp, nested)
                continue
            if decl.bitsize is None:
                bitsize = -1
            else:
                bitsize = self._parse_constant(decl.bitsize)
            self._partial_length = False
            type, fqual = self._get_type_and_quals(decl.type,
                                                   partial_length_ok=True)
            if self._partial_length:
                self._make_partial(tp, nested)
            if isinstance(type, model.StructType) and type.partial:
                self._make_partial(tp, nested)
            fldnames.append(decl.name or '')
            fldtypes.append(type)
            fldbitsize.append(bitsize)
            fldquals.append(fqual)
        tp.fldnames = tuple(fldnames)
        tp.fldtypes = tuple(fldtypes)
        tp.fldbitsize = tuple(fldbitsize)
        tp.fldquals = tuple(fldquals)
        if fldbitsize != [-1] * len(fldbitsize):
            if isinstance(tp, model.StructType) and tp.partial:
                raise NotImplementedError("%s: using both bitfields and '...;'"
                                          % (tp,))
        tp.packed = self._options.get('packed')
        if tp.completed:    # must be re-completed: it is not opaque any more
            tp.completed = 0
            self._recomplete.append(tp)
        return tp

def _make_partial(self, tp, nested):
        if not isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion):
            raise CDefError("%s cannot be partial" % (tp,))
        if not tp.has_c_name() and not nested:
            raise NotImplementedError("%s is partial but has no C name" %(tp,))
        tp.partial = True

def _parse_constant(self, exprnode, partial_length_ok=False):
        # for now, limited to expressions that are an immediate number
        # or positive/negative number
        if isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.Constant):
            s = exprnode.value
            if '0' <= s[0] <= '9':
                s = s.rstrip('uUlL')
                try:
                    if s.startswith('0'):
                        return int(s, 8)
                    else:
                        return int(s, 10)
                except ValueError:
                    if len(s) > 1:
                        if s.lower()[0:2] == '0x':
                            return int(s, 16)
                        elif s.lower()[0:2] == '0b':
                            return int(s, 2)
                raise CDefError("invalid constant %r" % (s,))
            elif s[0] == "'" and s[-1] == "'" and (
                    len(s) == 3 or (len(s) == 4 and s[1] == "\\")):
                return ord(s[-2])
            else:
                raise CDefError("invalid constant %r" % (s,))
        #
        if (isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.UnaryOp) and
                exprnode.op == '+'):
            return self._parse_constant(exprnode.expr)
        #
        if (isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.UnaryOp) and
                exprnode.op == '-'):
            return -self._parse_constant(exprnode.expr)
        # load previously defined int constant
        if (isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.ID) and
                exprnode.name in self._int_constants):
            return self._int_constants[exprnode.name]
        #
        if (isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.ID) and
                    exprnode.name == '__dotdotdotarray__'):
            if partial_length_ok:
                self._partial_length = True
                return '...'
            raise FFIError(":%d: unsupported '[...]' here, cannot derive "
                           "the actual array length in this context"
                           % exprnode.coord.line)
        #
        if isinstance(exprnode, pycparser.c_ast.BinaryOp):
            left = self._parse_constant(exprnode.left)
            right = self._parse_constant(exprnode.right)
            if exprnode.op == '+':
                return left + right
            elif exprnode.op == '-':
                return left - right
            elif exprnode.op == '*':
                return left * right
            elif exprnode.op == '/':
                return self._c_div(left, right)
            elif exprnode.op == '%':
                return left - self._c_div(left, right) * right
            elif exprnode.op == '<<':
                return left << right
            elif exprnode.op == '>>':
                return left >> right
            elif exprnode.op == '&':
                return left & right
            elif exprnode.op == '|':
                return left | right
            elif exprnode.op == '^':
                return left ^ right
        #
        raise FFIError(":%d: unsupported expression: expected a "
                       "simple numeric constant" % exprnode.coord.line)

def _c_div(self, a, b):
        result = a // b
        if ((a < 0) ^ (b < 0)) and (a % b) != 0:
            result += 1
        return result

def _build_enum_type(self, explicit_name, decls):
        if decls is not None:
            partial = False
            enumerators = []
            enumvalues = []
            nextenumvalue = 0
            for enum in decls.enumerators:
                if _r_enum_dotdotdot.match(enum.name):
                    partial = True
                    continue
                if enum.value is not None:
                    nextenumvalue = self._parse_constant(enum.value)
                enumerators.append(enum.name)
                enumvalues.append(nextenumvalue)
                self._add_constants(enum.name, nextenumvalue)
                nextenumvalue += 1
            enumerators = tuple(enumerators)
            enumvalues = tuple(enumvalues)
            tp = model.EnumType(explicit_name, enumerators, enumvalues)
            tp.partial = partial
        else:   # opaque enum
            tp = model.EnumType(explicit_name, (), ())
        return tp

def include(self, other):
        for name, (tp, quals) in other._declarations.items():
            if name.startswith('anonymous $enum_$'):
                continue   # fix for test_anonymous_enum_include
            kind = name.split(' ', 1)[0]
            if kind in ('struct', 'union', 'enum', 'anonymous', 'typedef'):
                self._declare(name, tp, included=True, quals=quals)
        for k, v in other._int_constants.items():
            self._add_constants(k, v)

def _get_unknown_type(self, decl):
        typenames = decl.type.type.names
        if typenames == ['__dotdotdot__']:
            return model.unknown_type(decl.name)

if typenames == ['__dotdotdotint__']:
            if self._uses_new_feature is None:
                self._uses_new_feature = "'typedef int... %s'" % decl.name
            return model.UnknownIntegerType(decl.name)

if typenames == ['__dotdotdotfloat__']:
            # note: not for 'long double' so far
            if self._uses_new_feature is None:
                self._uses_new_feature = "'typedef float... %s'" % decl.name
            return model.UnknownFloatType(decl.name)

raise FFIError(':%d: unsupported usage of "..." in typedef'
                       % decl.coord.line)

def _get_unknown_ptr_type(self, decl):
        if decl.type.type.type.names == ['__dotdotdot__']:
            return model.unknown_ptr_type(decl.name)
        raise FFIError(':%d: unsupported usage of "..." in typedef'
                       % decl.coord.line)

cmd: