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@ \ ~ c h @ l p l t l y @
ĥ ȥ Х ԥ ܥ & . 8 ? F N W a n t \ % 2 = H R W bool(x) -> bool
Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise.
The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool.
The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed. @ @ 7 ` buffer(object [, offset[, size]])
Create a new buffer object which references the given object.
The buffer will reference a slice of the target object from the
start of the object (or at the specified offset). The slice will
extend to the end of the target object (or with the specified size).
r ` ` @ @ ` p bytearray(iterable_of_ints) -> bytearray.
bytearray(string, encoding[, errors]) -> bytearray.
bytearray(bytes_or_bytearray) -> mutable copy of bytes_or_bytearray.
bytearray(memory_view) -> bytearray.
Construct an mutable bytearray object from:
- an iterable yielding integers in range(256)
- a text string encoded using the specified encoding
- a bytes or a bytearray object
- any object implementing the buffer API.
bytearray(int) -> bytearray.
Construct a zero-initialized bytearray of the given length. B.__alloc__() -> int
Returns the number of bytes actually allocated. Return state information for pickling. B.__sizeof__() -> int
Returns the size of B in memory, in bytes B.append(int) -> None
Append a single item to the end of B. B.center(width[, fillchar]) -> copy of B
Return B centered in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space). B.count(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsection sub in
bytes B[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
as in slice notation. B.decode([encoding[, errors]]) -> unicode object.
Decodes B using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. B.endswith(suffix [,start [,end]]) -> bool
Return True if B ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. B.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> copy of B
Return a copy of B where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. B.extend(iterable int) -> None
Append all the elements from the iterator or sequence to the
end of B. B.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the lowest index in B where subsection sub is found,
such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure. bytearray.fromhex(string) -> bytearray
Create a bytearray object from a string of hexadecimal numbers.
Spaces between two numbers are accepted.
Example: bytearray.fromhex('B9 01EF') -> bytearray(b'\xb9\x01\xef'). B.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like B.find() but raise ValueError when the subsection is not found. B.insert(index, int) -> None
Insert a single item into the bytearray before the given index. B.join(iterable_of_bytes) -> bytes
Concatenates any number of bytearray objects, with B in between each pair. B.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> copy of B
Return B left justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space). B.lstrip([bytes]) -> bytearray
Strip leading bytes contained in the argument.
If the argument is omitted, strip leading ASCII whitespace. B.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Searches for the separator sep in B, and returns the part before it,
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
found, returns B and two empty bytearray objects. B.pop([index]) -> int
Remove and return a single item from B. If no index
argument is given, will pop the last value. B.remove(int) -> None
Remove the first occurance of a value in B. B.replace(old, new[, count]) -> bytes
Return a copy of B with all occurrences of subsection
old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is
given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. B.reverse() -> None
Reverse the order of the values in B in place. B.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the highest index in B where subsection sub is found,
such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure. B.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like B.rfind() but raise ValueError when the subsection is not found. B.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> copy of B
Return B right justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space) B.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Searches for the separator sep in B, starting at the end of B,
and returns the part before it, the separator itself, and the
part after it. If the separator is not found, returns two empty
bytearray objects and B. B.rsplit(sep[, maxsplit]) -> list of bytearray
Return a list of the sections in B, using sep as the delimiter,
starting at the end of B and working to the front.
If sep is not given, B is split on ASCII whitespace characters
(space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. B.rstrip([bytes]) -> bytearray
Strip trailing bytes contained in the argument.
If the argument is omitted, strip trailing ASCII whitespace. B.split([sep[, maxsplit]]) -> list of bytearray
Return a list of the sections in B, using sep as the delimiter.
If sep is not given, B is split on ASCII whitespace characters
(space, tab, return, newline, formfeed, vertical tab).
If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. B.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of lines
Return a list of the lines in B, breaking at line boundaries.
Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
is given and true. B.startswith(prefix [,start [,end]]) -> bool
Return True if B starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test B beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing B at that position.
prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. B.strip([bytes]) -> bytearray
Strip leading and trailing bytes contained in the argument.
If the argument is omitted, strip ASCII whitespace. B.translate(table[, deletechars]) -> bytearray
Return a copy of B, where all characters occurring in the
optional argument deletechars are removed, and the remaining
characters have been mapped through the given translation
table, which must be a bytes object of length 256. B.zfill(width) -> copy of B
Pad a numeric string B with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. B is never truncated. Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)). 6 ` & P A p 0 / 9 ` @ 0 ` P
` , + @ x h ` f * 7 : [ ' L @ @ ` # p + 0 3 ; C p K 0 S [ % $ @ = p$ . P# o 3 C # @ ` p ` h c t p" @ n 2 ` V @
y M ` U n B4 Zk 0 - : p ` `Q P PP A O O P classobj(name, bases, dict)
Create a class object. The name must be a string; the second argument
a tuple of classes, and the third a dictionary. instance(class[, dict])
Create an instance without calling its __init__() method.
The class must be a classic class.
If present, dict must be a dictionary or None. instancemethod(function, instance, class)
Create an instance method object. 0p А A S ` P @ h 0 w x P A T u J @o n l k j A pT c z ` ` 0` _ _ @_ e Ћ p 0 ^ ^ P^ ^ ] 0U ` @ 0e d d @d c f c Pc c b `b `] ] b a @ P~ | `{ y $ $ 6 T C objects to be exported from one extension module to another
C objects are used for communication between extension modules. They
provide a way for an extension module to export a C interface to other
extension modules, so that extension modules can use the Python import
mechanism to link to one another. r 0 @ code(argcount, nlocals, stacksize, flags, codestring, constants, names,
varnames, filename, name, firstlineno, lnotab[, freevars[, cellvars]])
Create a code object. Not for the faint of heart. B D 0 @ ` P P & 0 9 $ E ( Q , ] 0 i 4 q 8 < complex(real[, imag]) -> complex number
Create a complex number from a real part and an optional imaginary part.
This is equivalent to (real + imag*1j) where imag defaults to 0. complex.conjugate() -> complex
Returns the complex conjugate of its argument. (3-4j).conjugate() == 3+4j. ` @ @ @ 0 p 0 ` property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None) -> property attribute
fget is a function to be used for getting an attribute value, and likewise
fset is a function for setting, and fdel a function for del'ing, an
attribute. Typical use is to define a managed attribute x:
class C(object):
def getx(self): return self._x
def setx(self, value): self._x = value
def delx(self): del self._x
x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.")
Decorators make defining new properties or modifying existing ones easy:
class C(object):
@property
def x(self): return self._x
@x.setter
def x(self, value): self._x = value
@x.deleter
def x(self): del self._x
Descriptor to change the getter on a property. Descriptor to change the setter on a property. Descriptor to change the deleter on a property. A ` 0 . @ A ` 0 ` @ A ` 0 S P ` A P E @ 0 @ @ g ` A @ v 0
A ` { A `
] % b _I 6 @ 6 6 ` ^ ` s , i P z ` o e ` 0 ] % b 6 6 6 enumerate(iterable[, start]) -> iterator for index, value of iterable
Return an enumerate object. iterable must be another object that supports
iteration. The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from
start, which defaults to zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument.
enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list:
(0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ... reversed(sequence) -> reverse iterator over values of the sequence
Return a reverse iterator Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)). u ` E p [ E P P q L& Python's standard exception class hierarchy.
Exceptions found here are defined both in the exceptions module and the
built-in namespace. It is recommended that user-defined exceptions
inherit from Exception. See the documentation for the exception
inheritance hierarchy.
` @ ` @ ` @
` @ ` @ ` @ ^ ` E * 5 . s ` E * 5 . ` E 5 . ` E + 5 . ` E @+ 5 . E `+ @ ; . ` E # 5 . @ ` E + 5 . W P3 E + 0 @ ` @: . s E 0 @: . E 0 @: . ` E 5 . ` E ! 5 . + ` E , 5 . '! ` E send 'arg' into generator,
return next yielded value or raise StopIteration. throw(typ[,val[,tb]]) -> raise exception in generator,
return next yielded value or raise StopIteration. close(arg) -> raise GeneratorExit inside generator. Return the name of the generator's associated code object. j1 @g f A _ `c $ @$ $ 0f t1 @c ! d1 c " `b " y1 1 1 _ " file(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object
Open a file. The mode can be 'r', 'w' or 'a' for reading (default),
writing or appending. The file will be created if it doesn't exist
when opened for writing or appending; it will be truncated when
opened for writing. Add a 'b' to the mode for binary files.
Add a '+' to the mode to allow simultaneous reading and writing.
If the buffering argument is given, 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line
buffered, and larger numbers specify the buffer size. The preferred way
to open a file is with the builtin open() function.
Add a 'U' to mode to open the file for input with universal newline
support. Any line ending in the input file will be seen as a '\n'
in Python. Also, a file so opened gains the attribute 'newlines';
the value for this attribute is one of None (no newline read yet),
'\r', '\n', '\r\n' or a tuple containing all the newline types seen.
'U' cannot be combined with 'w' or '+' mode.
readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.
Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
Return an empty string at EOF. read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.
If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested
may be returned, even if no size parameter was given. write(str) -> None. Write string str to file.
Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before
the file on disk reflects the data written. fileno() -> integer "file descriptor".
This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read(). seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position.
Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to
0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1
(move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move
relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow
seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode,
only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes
undefined behavior.
Note that not all file objects are seekable. truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes.
Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell(). tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). readinto() -> Undocumented. Don't use this; it may go away. readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.
Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
total number of bytes in the lines returned. xreadlines() -> returns self.
For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance
optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module. writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file.
Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object
producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string. flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer. close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file.
Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for
further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without
error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen())
may return an exit status upon closing. isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device. __enter__() -> self. __exit__(*excinfo) -> None. Closes the file. 3 T p P $ D i М 5 6 6 0 c % 3 ? y ( ) % z * s3 pn @+ )3 P + } . 3 { . 3 0 / ^3 @/ 4 i @0 4 pq 1 4 p 1 pp 2 n `3 4 i 3 *4 n 3 % 8 c 34 B4 < =4 Zk @ K4 u4 m a4 |4 l 89 3 j j d9 float(x) -> floating point number
Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible. sys.floatinfo
A structseq holding information about the float type. It contains low level
information about the precision and internal representation. Please study
your system's :file:`float.h` for more information. float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int)
Returns a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original
float and with a positive denominator.
Raises OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.
>>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()
(10, 1)
>>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio()
(0, 1)
>>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio()
(-1, 4) float.fromhex(string) -> float
Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string.
>>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10')
2047.984375
>>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074')
-4.9406564584124654e-324 float.hex() -> string
Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number.
>>> (-0.1).hex()
'-0x1.999999999999ap-4'
>>> 3.14159.hex()
'0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1' float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string
You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be
used in Python's test suite.
typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. This function returns whichever of
'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes the
format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr. float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> None
You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be
used in Python's test suite.
typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. fmt must be one of 'unknown',
'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian', and in addition can only be
one of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality.
Overrides the automatic determination of C-level floating point type.
This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings. float.__format__(format_spec) -> string
Formats the float according to format_spec. : @ p 0 7 @ A 7 ; 7 A @ ` P p L@ @ ; `8 [ 9 _ : '; @ @ 2; @; 9 < 9 p > ` @ @; A H; XA S; A W; A _; B ; j; |; XB ; xB ; B ; ; F.__sizeof__() -> size of F in memory, in bytes h < A 0 @C `C D B D D D D D < D , D 0 D 4 D D P D D ` function(code, globals[, name[, argdefs[, closure]]])
Create a function object from a code object and a dictionary.
The optional name string overrides the name from the code object.
The optional argdefs tuple specifies the default argument values.
The optional closure tuple supplies the bindings for free variables. classmethod(function) -> method
Convert a function to be a class method.
A class method receives the class as implicit first argument,
just like an instance method receives the instance.
To declare a class method, use this idiom:
class C:
def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...): ...
f = classmethod(f)
It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class.
If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class
object is passed as the implied first argument.
Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods.
If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin. staticmethod(function) -> method
Convert a function to be a static method.
A static method does not receive an implicit first argument.
To declare a static method, use this idiom:
class C:
def f(arg1, arg2, ...): ...
f = staticmethod(f)
It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance
(e.g. C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class.
Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++.
For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin. @ ,
A D $ `M N @
H E E @ H p E H B hI c 9I FI AI NI ZI 6 cI pI ( |I
I
I I I
0
0 I int(x[, base]) -> integer
Convert a string or number to an integer, if possible. A floating point
argument will be truncated towards zero (this does not include a string
representation of a floating point number!) When converting a string, use
the optional base. It is an error to supply a base when converting a
non-string. If base is zero, the proper base is guessed based on the
string content. If the argument is outside the integer range a
long object will be returned instead. @ / Q @ / N `R R 03 7 7J P- , + * 0* @( ' 0% ( % 0& % $ @$ # 0% / p/ @# ` 0% 0% K 0% K 9 0% # new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items cmp() wrapper for sort with custom keys. Object wrapper with a custom sort key. x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes L.append(object) -- append object to end L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range. L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present. L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present. L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1 Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)). M q Po p _ H_ E`U ? A E n `_ f M p@ A P? ? @` M @n A ? @ `` M D pB U M @D V C +Z +e ` q > p ` m s `y @t E f @c > z C H 'V d l `V pA V
c V h W d `W C Px W # w `X L @` X E `Y ` > Y L V Z A `Z 0A `Z % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %
! " # % % % % % %
! " # % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % long(x[, base]) -> integer
Convert a string or number to a long integer, if possible. A floating
point argument will be truncated towards zero (this does not include a
string representation of a floating point number!) When converting a
string, use the optional base. It is an error to supply a base when
converting a non-string. Ƈ f P d g g 7 7J м P P @ P ` е HR K 9 @ |R new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. D.keys() -> list of D's keys D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples D.values() -> list of D's values D.update(E, **F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
If E has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
If E lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k] dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
v defaults to None. D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)). z | @ `s s E `h @ @% P s # S A ` u ,S A ` u ES A ` u 0 0 u H i C H j @j j ^ j S 0 k C ` `k ]S l @ pl i l s l b 0# m S @ n ߰ % n ` ! n z n o o e `o p o
V ( P( ' `' A p% & v @v 6 P& & % module(name[, doc])
Create a module object.
The name must be a string; the optional doc argument can have any type. @3 5 E v 0 x 0 c _I x y Z : P: Z : : Xz Xz `z `z hz hz pz pz xz xz z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z { { { { { { { { { { ({ ({ 0{ 0{ 8{ 8{ @{ @{ H{ H{ P{ P{ xrange([start,] stop[, step]) -> xrange object
Like range(), but instead of returning a list, returns an object that
generates the numbers in the range on demand. For looping, this is
slightly faster than range() and more memory efficient. Returns a reverse iterator. Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)). ` `v ~ `{ s ~ t a 0t r pt d r S| r t | set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object
Build an unordered collection of unique elements. frozenset() -> empty frozenset object
frozenset(iterable) -> frozenset object
Build an immutable unordered collection of unique elements. Add an element to a set.
This has no effect if the element is already present. Remove all elements from this set. x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. Return a shallow copy of a set. Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
If the element is not a member, do nothing. Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) Remove all elements of another set from this set. Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set.
(i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.) Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. Return True if two sets have a null intersection. Report whether another set contains this set. Report whether this set contains another set. Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty. Return state information for pickling. Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. Return the union of sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in either set.) Update a set with the union of itself and others. Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)). &b d @ P p E Py p p ` ` Ч 6b d @ P p y E Py p p ` ` 0 @b pz A @z P P @ p x ` Lb 0 @ ߰ u @ H Ā ` 0 Pb p b @ b Xb @ eb С yb | b @ b C ` 0 # ` b b b P b ` P u @ H Ā ` P b @ Xb @ yb | b @ b 0 b b P slice([start,] stop[, step])
Create a slice object. This is used for extended slicing (e.g. a[0:10:2]). S.indices(len) -> (start, stop, stride)
Assuming a sequence of length len, calculate the start and stop
indices, and the stride length of the extended slice described by
S. Out of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the
handling of normal slices. Return state information for pickling. {c ij к 0 @ c ` p L& c c Type basestring cannot be instantiated; it is the base for str and unicode. str(object) -> string
Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. S.join(iterable) -> string
Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
iterable. The separator between elements is S. S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
from the result. S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
is a separator. S.lower() -> string
Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. S.upper() -> string
Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase. S.islower() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. S.isupper() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. S.isspace() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. S.isdigit() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are digits
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. S.istitle() -> bool
Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
otherwise. S.isalpha() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. S.isalnum() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. S.capitalize() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
capitalized. S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
as in slice notation. S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
found, return S and two empty strings. S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure. S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string
Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is
given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure. S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping S.swapcase() -> string
Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
converted to lowercase and vice versa. S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string
Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
remaining characters have been mapped through the given
translation table, which must be a string of length 256. S.title() -> string
Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase. S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space). S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space) S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string
Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space) S.zfill(width) -> string
Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. The string S is never truncated. S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string
S.__format__(format_spec) -> string
S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string
Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
is given and true. S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes e ` A 0$ ȶ Զ & e 0 @ H^ e P X^ ԑ i p - ` [ 0 ` = U ; ` S C ` 3 @ K + # ` - h ` o : ` L P ` . @E h c @ n @ V @ @ ` y @, ` P( M @' t ` p P ae " ` 9 e @ f p 8 x : f P @ n_sequence_fields n_fields n_unnamed_fields vr q z 0j @o n `l @j Pn 0j l j s p H p o ` `w tuple() -> empty tuple
tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object. T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present. T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it)). P p @ h p E` Pz @ p s 0{ A z z q @z ` p} @z Ї | L } @ } | type(object) -> the object's type
type(name, bases, dict) -> a new type super(type) -> unbound super object
super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type)
super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type)
Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:
class C(B):
def meth(self, arg):
super(C, self).meth(arg) Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().
This is invoked early on by abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__().
It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns
NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it
overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).
Y ! @_ d E 0 ` PR И ԑ ` p E ` 0 l P p 0 . t ӆ % t C x 0 | ` H i ` ] ` 0 ` T u 0 9 Q ` C d 0 i h ` ] h ` P ` G ` i ? 6 . % Ç ڇ ` ` p P p й , / 4 ' H p \ 7 p t ܈ 0 0 ' p > p T k > p ` T ; 0 ȉ \ @ x 0 $ 0 + ( P 0 B , 0 Y 0 0 p 4 ` 0 8 0 < 0 @ p 0 Պ { D 0 s H 0 L r L 5 f P R Y P l e T 0 X X 0 0 D P [: , [: ( < @ T @ p & 1 H 0 1 [: H [: [: L 0 ́ $ [: ( L 0 p ( $ [: & d B - d W 4 d m ; d ` B d @ I d a l Č ` p ( F
\ ) 0 ތ 0 p WV [: [: ) p ` Ȃ U U ` Ȃ c z , @R l ` + 8 T B h T ] l P d F 0 6 б ) а Ю t t 9 @ С Í э , p E Pj j 0 4 ` @ A Pj j > ` @ A Pj j P 0 ~ ~ } | @| { { @{ z Pz y 0y x x w Pw v `v u @u t t @s r r q q pp o Po n 0n m m 0m l l m k pk p% k unicode(string [, encoding[, errors]]) -> object
Create a new Unicode object from the given encoded string.
encoding defaults to the current default string encoding.
errors can be 'strict', 'replace' or 'ignore' and defaults to 'strict'. S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> string or unicode
Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> unicode
Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is
given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are
removed from the result. S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and
working to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string
is a separator. S.join(iterable) -> unicode
Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
iterable. The separator between elements is S. S.capitalize() -> unicode
Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character
have upper case. S.title() -> unicode
Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case
characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case. S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> unicode
Return S centered in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space) S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
Unicode string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are
interpreted as in slice notation. S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> unicode
Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure. S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
found, return S and two empty strings. S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> int
Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space). S.lower() -> unicode
Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. S.lstrip([chars]) -> unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is a str, it will be converted to unicode before stripping S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> string or unicode
Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
as well as any other name registerd with codecs.register_error that is
able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
Return -1 on failure. S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> unicode
Return S right-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space). S.rstrip([chars]) -> unicode
Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is a str, it will be converted to unicode before stripping S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings
Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
is given and true. S.strip([chars]) -> unicode
Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is a str, it will be converted to unicode before stripping S.swapcase() -> unicode
Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase
and vice versa. S.translate(table) -> unicode
Return a copy of the string S, where all characters have been mapped
through the given translation table, which must be a mapping of
Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, Unicode strings or None.
Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to None
are deleted. S.upper() -> unicode
Return a copy of S converted to uppercase. S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. S.islower() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. S.isupper() -> bool
Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. S.istitle() -> bool
Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only
follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
Return False otherwise. S.isspace() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. S.isdecimal() -> bool
Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
False otherwise. S.isdigit() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are digits
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. S.isnumeric() -> bool
Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,
False otherwise. S.isalpha() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. S.isalnum() -> bool
Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. S.zfill(width) -> unicode
Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. The string S is never truncated. S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> unicode
S.__format__(format_spec) -> unicode
S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes
- 0 @ ; ( @ pC e p e ` B4 Zk Z 4 < = P X R [ pg M ` 0O f ` : N o W L M = @ . pJ x ? h M ` c PL ` t 0J n U b I y ` U 0 @ V @G h E ; S K C f ж 3 p p + 0 # @ ae 9 e p f ` 0 ` _warnings provides basic warning filtering support.
It is a helper module to speed up interpreter start-up. Issue a warning, or maybe ignore it or raise an exception. Low-level inferface to warnings functionality. % % E / / / / % c I / c / D D ~ D s X / e Z~ / e Z~ / e / Y / ! e / * Z~ % W W / hI IV W D % ~ s B ~ ~ ] I / Z~ / e s l p l p D B I D D K D ij = U c D X % Y c / I ' I BV D c P Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.
Noteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices. argument %d to map() must support iteration __import__(name, globals={}, locals={}, fromlist=[], level=-1) -> module
Import a module. The globals are only used to determine the context;
they are not modified. The locals are currently unused. The fromlist
should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...'', or an
empty list to emulate ``import name''.
When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...)
returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when
fromlist is not empty. Level is used to determine whether to perform
absolute or relative imports. -1 is the original strategy of attempting
both absolute and relative imports, 0 is absolute, a positive number
is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module. abs(number) -> number
Return the absolute value of the argument. all(iterable) -> bool
Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable. any(iterable) -> bool
Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable. apply(object[, args[, kwargs]]) -> value
Call a callable object with positional arguments taken from the tuple args,
and keyword arguments taken from the optional dictionary kwargs.
Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method.
Deprecated since release 2.3. Instead, use the extended call syntax:
function(*args, **keywords). bin(number) -> string
Return the binary representation of an integer or long integer. callable(object) -> bool
Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function).
Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method. chr(i) -> character
Return a string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i < 256. cmp(x, y) -> integer
Return negative if xy. coerce(x, y) -> (x1, y1)
Return a tuple consisting of the two numeric arguments converted to
a common type, using the same rules as used by arithmetic operations.
If coercion is not possible, raise TypeError. compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]]) -> code object
Compile the source string (a Python module, statement or expression)
into a code object that can be executed by the exec statement or eval().
The filename will be used for run-time error messages.
The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a
single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.
The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence
the compilation of the code.
The dont_inherit argument, if non-zero, stops the compilation inheriting
the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling
compile; if absent or zero these statements do influence the compilation,
in addition to any features explicitly specified. delattr(object, name)
Delete a named attribute on an object; delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to
``del x.y''. dir([object]) -> list of strings
If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
the default dir() logic is used and returns:
for a module object: the module's attributes.
for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes
of its bases.
for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
recursively the attributes of its class's base classes. divmod(x, y) -> (div, mod)
Return the tuple ((x-x%y)/y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x. eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value
Evaluate the source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing a Python expression
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
execfile(filename[, globals[, locals]])
Read and execute a Python script from a file.
The globals and locals are dictionaries, defaulting to the current
globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it. filter(function or None, sequence) -> list, tuple, or string
Return those items of sequence for which function(item) is true. If
function is None, return the items that are true. If sequence is a tuple
or string, return the same type, else return a list. format(value[, format_spec]) -> string
Returns value.__format__(format_spec)
format_spec defaults to "" getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case. globals() -> dictionary
Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables. hasattr(object, name) -> bool
Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
(This is done by calling getattr(object, name) and catching exceptions.) hash(object) -> integer
Return a hash value for the object. Two objects with the same value have
the same hash value. The reverse is not necessarily true, but likely. hex(number) -> string
Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer or long integer. id(object) -> integer
Return the identity of an object. This is guaranteed to be unique among
simultaneously existing objects. (Hint: it's the object's memory address.) input([prompt]) -> value
Equivalent to eval(raw_input(prompt)). intern(string) -> string
``Intern'' the given string. This enters the string in the (global)
table of interned strings whose purpose is to speed up dictionary lookups.
Return the string itself or the previously interned string object with the
same value. isinstance(object, class-or-type-or-tuple) -> bool
Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.
With a type as second argument, return whether that is the object's type.
The form using a tuple, isinstance(x, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for
isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B) or ... (etc.). issubclass(C, B) -> bool
Return whether class C is a subclass (i.e., a derived class) of class B.
When using a tuple as the second argument issubclass(X, (A, B, ...)),
is a shortcut for issubclass(X, A) or issubclass(X, B) or ... (etc.). iter(collection) -> iterator
iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator
Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must
supply its own iterator, or be a sequence.
In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel. len(object) -> integer
Return the number of items of a sequence or mapping. locals() -> dictionary
Update and return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables. map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list
Return a list of the results of applying the function to the items of
the argument sequence(s). If more than one sequence is given, the
function is called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding
item of each sequence, substituting None for missing values when not all
sequences have the same length. If the function is None, return a list of
the items of the sequence (or a list of tuples if more than one sequence). max(iterable[, key=func]) -> value
max(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its largest item.
With two or more arguments, return the largest argument. min(iterable[, key=func]) -> value
min(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item.
With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument. next(iterator[, default])
Return the next item from the iterator. If default is given and the iterator
is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopIteration. oct(number) -> string
Return the octal representation of an integer or long integer. open(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object
Open a file using the file() type, returns a file object. This is the
preferred way to open a file. ord(c) -> integer
Return the integer ordinal of a one-character string. pow(x, y[, z]) -> number
With two arguments, equivalent to x**y. With three arguments,
equivalent to (x**y) % z, but may be more efficient (e.g. for longs). print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
Optional keyword arguments:
file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
sep: string inserted between values, default a space.
end: string appended after the last value, default a newline. range([start,] stop[, step]) -> list of integers
Return a list containing an arithmetic progression of integers.
range(i, j) returns [i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1]; start (!) defaults to 0.
When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement).
For example, range(4) returns [0, 1, 2, 3]. The end point is omitted!
These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements. raw_input([prompt]) -> string
Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped.
If the user hits EOF (Unix: Ctl-D, Windows: Ctl-Z+Return), raise EOFError.
On Unix, GNU readline is used if enabled. The prompt string, if given,
is printed without a trailing newline before reading. reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value
Apply a function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of a sequence,
from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value.
For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates
((((1+2)+3)+4)+5). If initial is present, it is placed before the items
of the sequence in the calculation, and serves as a default when the
sequence is empty. reload(module) -> module
Reload the module. The module must have been successfully imported before. repr(object) -> string
Return the canonical string representation of the object.
For most object types, eval(repr(object)) == object. round(number[, ndigits]) -> floating point number
Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
This always returns a floating point number. Precision may be negative. setattr(object, name, value)
Set a named attribute on an object; setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to
``x.y = v''. sorted(iterable, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) --> new sorted list sum(sequence[, start]) -> value
Returns the sum of a sequence of numbers (NOT strings) plus the value
of parameter 'start' (which defaults to 0). When the sequence is
empty, returns start. unichr(i) -> Unicode character
Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff. vars([object]) -> dictionary
Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__. zip(seq1 [, seq2 [...]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] ...), (...)]
Return a list of tuples, where each tuple contains the i-th element
from each of the argument sequences. The returned list is truncated
in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence. M e m e L M K @
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All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.
All Rights Reserved.
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H R M P C D E K L N O Q S `; l; p; t; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; < < < < < $< 4< << @< H< L< T< X< \< `< d< l< t< |< < < < < < < < < < < < < = 0= 4= 8= D= L= P= X= `= d= l= t= x= |= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = > > > > > > $> 0> 4> 8> <> @> H> L> P> T> \> `> d> h> p> x> |> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ? ? ? ? ? ? ? $? (? ,? 0? 4? 8? module
Reload the module. The module must have been successfully imported before. find_module(name, [path]) -> (file, filename, (suffix, mode, type))
Search for a module. If path is omitted or None, search for a
built-in, frozen or special module and continue search in sys.path.
The module name cannot contain '.'; to search for a submodule of a
package, pass the submodule name and the package's __path__. get_magic() -> string
Return the magic number for .pyc or .pyo files. get_suffixes() -> [(suffix, mode, type), ...]
Return a list of (suffix, mode, type) tuples describing the files
that find_module() looks for. load_module(name, file, filename, (suffix, mode, type)) -> module
Load a module, given information returned by find_module().
The module name must include the full package name, if any. new_module(name) -> module
Create a new module. Do not enter it in sys.modules.
The module name must include the full package name, if any. lock_held() -> boolean
Return True if the import lock is currently held, else False.
On platforms without threads, return False. acquire_lock() -> None
Acquires the interpreter's import lock for the current thread.
This lock should be used by import hooks to ensure thread-safety
when importing modules.
On platforms without threads, this function does nothing. release_lock() -> None
Release the interpreter's import lock.
On platforms without threads, this function does nothing. ' 8 ` p M @x I p x M z W z 7 { @ { d | n
} { ~ 0 ׆ 0 0 0 P i [: [: [: [: [: [: [: [: D D D v M + ȉ G ҉ d ݉ I P This module contains functions that can read and write Python values in
a binary format. The format is specific to Python, but independent of
machine architecture issues.
Not all Python object types are supported; in general, only objects
whose value is independent from a particular invocation of Python can be
written and read by this module. The following types are supported:
None, integers, long integers, floating point numbers, strings, Unicode
objects, tuples, lists, sets, dictionaries, and code objects, where it
should be understood that tuples, lists and dictionaries are only
supported as long as the values contained therein are themselves
supported; and recursive lists and dictionaries should not be written
(they will cause infinite loops).
Variables:
version -- indicates the format that the module uses. Version 0 is the
historical format, version 1 (added in Python 2.4) shares interned
strings and version 2 (added in Python 2.5) uses a binary format for
floating point numbers. (New in version 2.4)
Functions:
dump() -- write value to a file
load() -- read value from a file
dumps() -- write value to a string
loads() -- read value from a string dump(value, file[, version])
Write the value on the open file. The value must be a supported type.
The file must be an open file object such as sys.stdout or returned by
open() or os.popen(). It must be opened in binary mode ('wb' or 'w+b').
If the value has (or contains an object that has) an unsupported type, a
ValueError exception is raised — but garbage data will also be written
to the file. The object will not be properly read back by load()
New in version 2.4: The version argument indicates the data format that
dump should use. load(file)
Read one value from the open file and return it. If no valid value is
read (e.g. because the data has a different Python version’s
incompatible marshal format), raise EOFError, ValueError or TypeError.
The file must be an open file object opened in binary mode ('rb' or
'r+b').
Note: If an object containing an unsupported type was marshalled with
dump(), load() will substitute None for the unmarshallable type. dumps(value[, version])
Return the string that would be written to a file by dump(value, file).
The value must be a supported type. Raise a ValueError exception if
value has (or contains an object that has) an unsupported type.
New in version 2.4: The version argument indicates the data format that
dumps should use. loads(string)
Convert the string to a value. If no valid value is found, raise
EOFError, ValueError or TypeError. Extra characters in the string are
ignored. 6
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c ~ < $ Y % , This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.
Dynamic objects:
argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
modules -- dictionary of loaded modules
displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.
exitfunc -- if sys.exitfunc exists, this routine is called when Python exits
Assigning to sys.exitfunc is deprecated; use the atexit module instead.
stdin -- standard input file object; used by raw_input() and input()
stdout -- standard output file object; used by the print statement
stderr -- standard error object; used for error messages
By assigning other file objects (or objects that behave like files)
to these, it is possible to redirect all of the interpreter's I/O.
last_type -- type of last uncaught exception
last_value -- value of last uncaught exception
last_traceback -- traceback of last uncaught exception
These three are only available in an interactive session after a
traceback has been printed.
exc_type -- type of exception currently being handled
exc_value -- value of exception currently being handled
exc_traceback -- traceback of exception currently being handled
The function exc_info() should be used instead of these three,
because it is thread-safe.
Static objects:
maxint -- the largest supported integer (the smallest is -maxint-1)
maxsize -- the largest supported length of containers.
maxunicode -- the largest supported character
builtin_module_names -- tuple of module names built into this interpreter
version -- the version of this interpreter as a string
version_info -- version information as a tuple
hexversion -- version information encoded as a single integer
copyright -- copyright notice pertaining to this interpreter
platform -- platform identifier
executable -- pathname of this Python interpreter
prefix -- prefix used to find the Python library
exec_prefix -- prefix used to find the machine-specific Python library
__stdin__ -- the original stdin; don't touch!
__stdout__ -- the original stdout; don't touch!
__stderr__ -- the original stderr; don't touch!
__displayhook__ -- the original displayhook; don't touch!
__excepthook__ -- the original excepthook; don't touch!
Functions:
displayhook() -- print an object to the screen, and save it in __builtin__._
excepthook() -- print an exception and its traceback to sys.stderr
exc_info() -- return thread-safe information about the current exception
exc_clear() -- clear the exception state for the current thread
exit() -- exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit
getdlopenflags() -- returns flags to be used for dlopen() calls
getprofile() -- get the global profiling function
getrefcount() -- return the reference count for an object (plus one :-)
getrecursionlimit() -- return the max recursion depth for the interpreter
getsizeof() -- return the size of an object in bytes
gettrace() -- get the global debug tracing function
setcheckinterval() -- control how often the interpreter checks for events
setdlopenflags() -- set the flags to be used for dlopen() calls
setprofile() -- set the global profiling function
setrecursionlimit() -- set the max recursion depth for the interpreter
settrace() -- set the global debug tracing function
callstats() -> tuple of integers
Return a tuple of function call statistics, if CALL_PROFILE was defined
when Python was built. Otherwise, return None.
When enabled, this function returns detailed, implementation-specific
details about the number of function calls executed. The return value is
a 11-tuple where the entries in the tuple are counts of:
0. all function calls
1. calls to PyFunction_Type objects
2. PyFunction calls that do not create an argument tuple
3. PyFunction calls that do not create an argument tuple
and bypass PyEval_EvalCodeEx()
4. PyMethod calls
5. PyMethod calls on bound methods
6. PyType calls
7. PyCFunction calls
8. generator calls
9. All other calls
10. Number of stack pops performed by call_function() _clear_type_cache() -> None
Clear the internal type lookup cache. _current_frames() -> dictionary
Return a dictionary mapping each current thread T's thread id to T's
current stack frame.
This function should be used for specialized purposes only. displayhook(object) -> None
Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in __builtin__.
exc_info() -> (type, value, traceback)
Return information about the most recent exception caught by an except
clause in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame. exc_clear() -> None
Clear global information on the current exception. Subsequent calls to
exc_info() will return (None,None,None) until another exception is raised
in the current thread or the execution stack returns to a frame where
another exception is being handled. excepthook(exctype, value, traceback) -> None
Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.
exit([status])
Exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit(status).
If the status is omitted or None, it defaults to zero (i.e., success).
If the status is numeric, it will be used as the system exit status.
If it is another kind of object, it will be printed and the system
exit status will be one (i.e., failure). getdefaultencoding() -> string
Return the current default string encoding used by the Unicode
implementation. getdlopenflags() -> int
Return the current value of the flags that are used for dlopen()
calls. The flag constants are defined in the dl module. getfilesystemencoding() -> string
Return the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames in
operating system filenames. getrefcount(object) -> integer
Return the reference count of object. The count returned is generally
one higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary)
reference as an argument to getrefcount(). getrecursionlimit()
Return the current value of the recursion limit, the maximum depth
of the Python interpreter stack. This limit prevents infinite
recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python. getsizeof(object, default) -> int
Return the size of object in bytes. _getframe([depth]) -> frameobject
Return a frame object from the call stack. If optional integer depth is
given, return the frame object that many calls below the top of the stack.
If that is deeper than the call stack, ValueError is raised. The default
for depth is zero, returning the frame at the top of the call stack.
This function should be used for internal and specialized
purposes only. setdefaultencoding(encoding)
Set the current default string encoding used by the Unicode implementation. setcheckinterval(n)
Tell the Python interpreter to check for asynchronous events every
n instructions. This also affects how often thread switches occur. getcheckinterval() -> current check interval; see setcheckinterval(). setdlopenflags(n) -> None
Set the flags that will be used for dlopen() calls. Among other
things, this will enable a lazy resolving of symbols when importing
a module, if called as sys.setdlopenflags(0)
To share symbols across extension modules, call as
sys.setdlopenflags(dl.RTLD_NOW|dl.RTLD_GLOBAL) setprofile(function)
Set the profiling function. It will be called on each function call
and return. See the profiler chapter in the library manual. getprofile()
Return the profiling function set with sys.setprofile.
See the profiler chapter in the library manual. setrecursionlimit(n)
Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to n. This
limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C
stack and crashing Python. The highest possible limit is platform-
dependent. settrace(function)
Set the global debug tracing function. It will be called on each
function call. See the debugger chapter in the library manual. gettrace()
Return the global debug tracing function set with sys.settrace.
See the debugger chapter in the library manual. call_tracing(func, args) -> object
Call func(*args), while tracing is enabled. The tracing state is
saved, and restored afterwards. This is intended to be called from
a debugger from a checkpoint, to recursively debug some other code. sys.flags
Flags provided through command line arguments or environment vars. [: t ` ԑ S α Ա ܱ ߱ ܱ / 2 ; E M - P S a d w
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` D A @ ] e n w [: g % m q v ݈ ~ d 6 lib/python2.6 / : This module provides access to the garbage collector for reference cycles.
enable() -- Enable automatic garbage collection.
disable() -- Disable automatic garbage collection.
isenabled() -- Returns true if automatic collection is enabled.
collect() -- Do a full collection right now.
get_count() -- Return the current collection counts.
set_debug() -- Set debugging flags.
get_debug() -- Get debugging flags.
set_threshold() -- Set the collection thresholds.
get_threshold() -- Return the current the collection thresholds.
get_objects() -- Return a list of all objects tracked by the collector.
get_referrers() -- Return the list of objects that refer to an object.
get_referents() -- Return the list of objects that an object refers to.
enable() -> None
Enable automatic garbage collection.
disable() -> None
Disable automatic garbage collection.
isenabled() -> status
Returns true if automatic garbage collection is enabled.
set_debug(flags) -> None
Set the garbage collection debugging flags. Debugging information is
written to sys.stderr.
flags is an integer and can have the following bits turned on:
DEBUG_STATS - Print statistics during collection.
DEBUG_COLLECTABLE - Print collectable objects found.
DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE - Print unreachable but uncollectable objects found.
DEBUG_INSTANCES - Print instance objects.
DEBUG_OBJECTS - Print objects other than instances.
DEBUG_SAVEALL - Save objects to gc.garbage rather than freeing them.
DEBUG_LEAK - Debug leaking programs (everything but STATS).
get_debug() -> flags
Get the garbage collection debugging flags.
get_count() -> (count0, count1, count2)
Return the current collection counts
set_threshold(threshold0, [threshold1, threshold2]) -> None
Sets the collection thresholds. Setting threshold0 to zero disables
collection.
get_threshold() -> (threshold0, threshold1, threshold2)
Return the current collection thresholds
collect([generation]) -> n
With no arguments, run a full collection. The optional argument
may be an integer specifying which generation to collect. A ValueError
is raised if the generation number is invalid.
The number of unreachable objects is returned.
get_objects() -> [...]
Return a list of objects tracked by the collector (excluding the list
returned).
get_referrers(*objs) -> list
Return the list of objects that directly refer to any of objs. get_referents(*objs) -> list
Return the list of objects that are directly referred to by objs.
( (
Pk ` k P @ ` ` r q p This module provides primitive operations to write multi-threaded programs.
The 'threading' module provides a more convenient interface. A lock object is a synchronization primitive. To create a lock,
call the PyThread_allocate_lock() function. Methods are:
acquire() -- lock the lock, possibly blocking until it can be obtained
release() -- unlock of the lock
locked() -- test whether the lock is currently locked
A lock is not owned by the thread that locked it; another thread may
unlock it. A thread attempting to lock a lock that it has already locked
will block until another thread unlocks it. Deadlocks may ensue. start_new_thread(function, args[, kwargs])
(start_new() is an obsolete synonym)
Start a new thread and return its identifier. The thread will call the
function with positional arguments from the tuple args and keyword arguments
taken from the optional dictionary kwargs. The thread exits when the
function returns; the return value is ignored. The thread will also exit
when the function raises an unhandled exception; a stack trace will be
printed unless the exception is SystemExit.
allocate_lock() -> lock object
(allocate() is an obsolete synonym)
Create a new lock object. See LockType.__doc__ for information about locks. exit()
(PyThread_exit_thread() is an obsolete synonym)
This is synonymous to ``raise SystemExit''. It will cause the current
thread to exit silently unless the exception is caught. interrupt_main()
Raise a KeyboardInterrupt in the main thread.
A subthread can use this function to interrupt the main thread. get_ident() -> integer
Return a non-zero integer that uniquely identifies the current thread
amongst other threads that exist simultaneously.
This may be used to identify per-thread resources.
Even though on some platforms threads identities may appear to be
allocated consecutive numbers starting at 1, this behavior should not
be relied upon, and the number should be seen purely as a magic cookie.
A thread's identity may be reused for another thread after it exits. stack_size([size]) -> size
Return the thread stack size used when creating new threads. The
optional size argument specifies the stack size (in bytes) to be used
for subsequently created threads, and must be 0 (use platform or
configured default) or a positive integer value of at least 32,768 (32k).
If changing the thread stack size is unsupported, a ThreadError
exception is raised. If the specified size is invalid, a ValueError
exception is raised, and the stack size is unmodified. 32k bytes
currently the minimum supported stack size value to guarantee
sufficient stack space for the interpreter itself.
Note that some platforms may have particular restrictions on values for
the stack size, such as requiring a minimum stack size larger than 32kB or
requiring allocation in multiples of the system memory page size
- platform documentation should be referred to for more information
(4kB pages are common; using multiples of 4096 for the stack size is
the suggested approach in the absence of more specific information). acquire([wait]) -> None or bool
(acquire_lock() is an obsolete synonym)
Lock the lock. Without argument, this blocks if the lock is already
locked (even by the same thread), waiting for another thread to release
the lock, and return None once the lock is acquired.
With an argument, this will only block if the argument is true,
and the return value reflects whether the lock is acquired.
The blocking operation is not interruptible. release()
(release_lock() is an obsolete synonym)
Release the lock, allowing another thread that is blocked waiting for
the lock to acquire the lock. The lock must be in the locked state,
but it needn't be locked by the same thread that unlocks it. locked() -> bool
(locked_lock() is an obsolete synonym)
Return whether the lock is in the locked state. ) 7 I S a j P ` n P ` v І m n b { ` ` ` ` 4 *4 ` This module provides mechanisms to use signal handlers in Python.
Functions:
alarm() -- cause SIGALRM after a specified time [Unix only]
setitimer() -- cause a signal (described below) after a specified
float time and the timer may restart then [Unix only]
getitimer() -- get current value of timer [Unix only]
signal() -- set the action for a given signal
getsignal() -- get the signal action for a given signal
pause() -- wait until a signal arrives [Unix only]
default_int_handler() -- default SIGINT handler
signal constants:
SIG_DFL -- used to refer to the system default handler
SIG_IGN -- used to ignore the signal
NSIG -- number of defined signals
SIGINT, SIGTERM, etc. -- signal numbers
itimer constants:
ITIMER_REAL -- decrements in real time, and delivers SIGALRM upon
expiration
ITIMER_VIRTUAL -- decrements only when the process is executing,
and delivers SIGVTALRM upon expiration
ITIMER_PROF -- decrements both when the process is executing and
when the system is executing on behalf of the process.
Coupled with ITIMER_VIRTUAL, this timer is usually
used to profile the time spent by the application
in user and kernel space. SIGPROF is delivered upon
expiration.
*** IMPORTANT NOTICE ***
A signal handler function is called with two arguments:
the first is the signal number, the second is the interrupted stack frame. alarm(seconds)
Arrange for SIGALRM to arrive after the given number of seconds. setitimer(which, seconds[, interval])
Sets given itimer (one of ITIMER_REAL, ITIMER_VIRTUAL
or ITIMER_PROF) to fire after value seconds and after
that every interval seconds.
The itimer can be cleared by setting seconds to zero.
Returns old values as a tuple: (delay, interval). getitimer(which)
Returns current value of given itimer. signal(sig, action) -> action
Set the action for the given signal. The action can be SIG_DFL,
SIG_IGN, or a callable Python object. The previous action is
returned. See getsignal() for possible return values.
*** IMPORTANT NOTICE ***
A signal handler function is called with two arguments:
the first is the signal number, the second is the interrupted stack frame. getsignal(sig) -> action
Return the current action for the given signal. The return value can be:
SIG_IGN -- if the signal is being ignored
SIG_DFL -- if the default action for the signal is in effect
None -- if an unknown handler is in effect
anything else -- the callable Python object used as a handler set_wakeup_fd(fd) -> fd
Sets the fd to be written to (with '\0') when a signal
comes in. A library can use this to wakeup select or poll.
The previous fd is returned.
The fd must be non-blocking. siginterrupt(sig, flag) -> None
change system call restart behaviour: if flag is False, system calls
will be restarted when interrupted by signal sig, else system calls
will be interrupted. pause()
Wait until a signal arrives. default_int_handler(...)
The default handler for SIGINT installed by Python.
It raises KeyboardInterrupt. P @ ` ` p 4 ` k ` \ @ @ This module provides access to operating system functionality that is
standardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly
disguised Unix interface). Refer to the library manual and
corresponding Unix manual entries for more information on calls. access(path, mode) -> True if granted, False otherwise
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path. Note that most
operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can
be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the
specified access to the path. The mode argument can be F_OK to test
existence, or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK. ttyname(fd) -> string
Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'. chdir(path)
Change the current working directory to the specified path. chmod(path, mode)
Change the access permissions of a file. fchmod(fd, mode)
Change the access permissions of the file given by file
descriptor fd. chown(path, uid, gid)
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid. fchown(fd, uid, gid)
Change the owner and group id of the file given by file descriptor
fd to the numeric uid and gid. lchown(path, uid, gid)
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.
This function will not follow symbolic links. chroot(path)
Change root directory to path. ctermid() -> string
Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process. getcwd() -> path
Return a string representing the current working directory. getcwdu() -> path
Return a unicode string representing the current working directory. link(src, dst)
Create a hard link to a file. listdir(path) -> list_of_strings
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.
path: path of directory to list
The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory. lstat(path) -> stat result
Like stat(path), but do not follow symbolic links. mkdir(path [, mode=0777])
Create a directory. nice(inc) -> new_priority
Decrease the priority of process by inc and return the new priority. readlink(path) -> path
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points. rename(old, new)
Rename a file or directory. rmdir(path)
Remove a directory. stat(path) -> stat result
Perform a stat system call on the given path. stat_float_times([newval]) -> oldval
Determine whether os.[lf]stat represents time stamps as float objects.
If newval is True, future calls to stat() return floats, if it is False,
future calls return ints.
If newval is omitted, return the current setting.
symlink(src, dst)
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst. system(command) -> exit_status
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell. umask(new_mask) -> old_mask
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask. uname() -> (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine)
Return a tuple identifying the current operating system. unlink(path)
Remove a file (same as remove(path)). remove(path)
Remove a file (same as unlink(path)). utime(path, (atime, mtime))
utime(path, None)
Set the access and modified time of the file to the given values. If the
second form is used, set the access and modified times to the current time. times() -> (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)
Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times. _exit(status)
Exit to the system with specified status, without normal exit processing. execv(path, args)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
path: path of executable file
args: tuple or list of strings execve(path, args, env)
Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.
path: path of executable file
args: tuple or list of arguments
env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings fork() -> pid
Fork a child process.
Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process. openpty() -> (master_fd, slave_fd)
Open a pseudo-terminal, returning open fd's for both master and slave end.
forkpty() -> (pid, master_fd)
Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty.
Like fork(), return 0 as pid to child process, and PID of child to parent.
To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.
getegid() -> egid
Return the current process's effective group id. geteuid() -> euid
Return the current process's effective user id. getgid() -> gid
Return the current process's group id. getgroups() -> list of group IDs
Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process. getpid() -> pid
Return the current process id getpgrp() -> pgrp
Return the current process group id. getppid() -> ppid
Return the parent's process id. getuid() -> uid
Return the current process's user id. getlogin() -> string
Return the actual login name. kill(pid, sig)
Kill a process with a signal. killpg(pgid, sig)
Kill a process group with a signal. popen(command [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> pipe
Open a pipe to/from a command returning a file object. setuid(uid)
Set the current process's user id. seteuid(uid)
Set the current process's effective user id. setegid(gid)
Set the current process's effective group id. setreuid(ruid, euid)
Set the current process's real and effective user ids. setregid(rgid, egid)
Set the current process's real and effective group ids. setgid(gid)
Set the current process's group id. setgroups(list)
Set the groups of the current process to list. getpgid(pid) -> pgid
Call the system call getpgid(). setpgrp()
Make this process the process group leader. wait() -> (pid, status)
Wait for completion of a child process. wait3(options) -> (pid, status, rusage)
Wait for completion of a child process. wait4(pid, options) -> (pid, status, rusage)
Wait for completion of a given child process. waitpid(pid, options) -> (pid, status)
Wait for completion of a given child process. getsid(pid) -> sid
Call the system call getsid(). setsid()
Call the system call setsid(). setpgid(pid, pgrp)
Call the system call setpgid(). tcgetpgrp(fd) -> pgid
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd. tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid)
Set the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd. open(filename, flag [, mode=0777]) -> fd
Open a file (for low level IO). close(fd)
Close a file descriptor (for low level IO). closerange(fd_low, fd_high)
Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors. dup(fd) -> fd2
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor. dup2(old_fd, new_fd)
Duplicate file descriptor. lseek(fd, pos, how) -> newpos
Set the current position of a file descriptor. read(fd, buffersize) -> string
Read a file descriptor. write(fd, string) -> byteswritten
Write a string to a file descriptor. fstat(fd) -> stat result
Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor. fdopen(fd [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> file_object
Return an open file object connected to a file descriptor. isatty(fd) -> bool
Return True if the file descriptor 'fd' is an open file descriptor
connected to the slave end of a terminal. pipe() -> (read_end, write_end)
Create a pipe. mkfifo(filename [, mode=0666])
Create a FIFO (a POSIX named pipe). mknod(filename [, mode=0600, device])
Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe)
named filename. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the
type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of
S_IFREG, S_IFCHR, S_IFBLK, and S_IFIFO. For S_IFCHR and S_IFBLK,
device defines the newly created device special file (probably using
os.makedev()), otherwise it is ignored. major(device) -> major number
Extracts a device major number from a raw device number. minor(device) -> minor number
Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number. makedev(major, minor) -> device number
Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers. ftruncate(fd, length)
Truncate a file to a specified length. putenv(key, value)
Change or add an environment variable. unsetenv(key)
Delete an environment variable. strerror(code) -> string
Translate an error code to a message string. fchdir(fildes)
Change to the directory of the given file descriptor. fildes must be
opened on a directory, not a file. fsync(fildes)
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk. fdatasync(fildes)
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.
does not force update of metadata. WCOREDUMP(status) -> bool
Return True if the process returning 'status' was dumped to a core file. WIFCONTINUED(status) -> bool
Return True if the process returning 'status' was continued from a
job control stop. WIFSTOPPED(status) -> bool
Return True if the process returning 'status' was stopped. WIFSIGNALED(status) -> bool
Return True if the process returning 'status' was terminated by a signal. WIFEXITED(status) -> bool
Return true if the process returning 'status' exited using the exit()
system call. WEXITSTATUS(status) -> integer
Return the process return code from 'status'. WTERMSIG(status) -> integer
Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the 'status'
value. WSTOPSIG(status) -> integer
Return the signal that stopped the process that provided
the 'status' value. fstatvfs(fd) -> statvfs result
Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd. statvfs(path) -> statvfs result
Perform a statvfs system call on the given path. tmpfile() -> file object
Create a temporary file with no directory entries. tempnam([dir[, prefix]]) -> string
Return a unique name for a temporary file.
The directory and a prefix may be specified as strings; they may be omitted
or None if not needed. tmpnam() -> string
Return a unique name for a temporary file. confstr(name) -> string
Return a string-valued system configuration variable. sysconf(name) -> integer
Return an integer-valued system configuration variable. fpathconf(fd, name) -> integer
Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd.
If there is no limit, return -1. pathconf(path, name) -> integer
Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path.
If there is no limit, return -1. abort() -> does not return!
Abort the interpreter immediately. This 'dumps core' or otherwise fails
in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system. getloadavg() -> (float, float, float)
Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over
the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes or raises OSError if the load average
was unobtainable urandom(n) -> str
Return n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use. stat_result: Result from stat or lstat.
This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
(mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime)
or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on.
Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev,
or st_flags, they are available as attributes only.
See os.stat for more information. statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs.
This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
(bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax),
or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on.
See os.statvfs for more information. 0 @ ` p h ` 6 o ` @ w ~ d ` @ t p ` X @ - ` l 0 b й K @ ` ` 0 # 0 } ` m @ m e Z W @ ` @ P K @ A 5 ) ` @ ` ` ` @ ` @ 0 ` P
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v , o p ; ! q + r 7 " G n T b u C M N I J O P Q R * D C K W L m w # H B s t < u v k } ~ 0 C X \ g ] y ^ [ Y Z b c d 0 A O b p L M N O P . Q K R S e T U V W X Y Z [ " * : A G N U ^ s z , % . 9 V ` { This module makes available standard errno system symbols.
The value of each symbol is the corresponding integer value,
e.g., on most systems, errno.ENOENT equals the integer 2.
The dictionary errno.errorcode maps numeric codes to symbol names,
e.g., errno.errorcode[2] could be the string 'ENOENT'.
Symbols that are not relevant to the underlying system are not defined.
To map error codes to error messages, use the function os.strerror(),
e.g. os.strerror(2) could return 'No such file or directory'. This module provides access to the Unix password database.
It is available on all Unix versions.
Password database entries are reported as 7-tuples containing the following
items from the password database (see `'), in order:
pw_name, pw_passwd, pw_uid, pw_gid, pw_gecos, pw_dir, pw_shell.
The uid and gid items are integers, all others are strings. An
exception is raised if the entry asked for cannot be found. getpwuid(uid) -> (pw_name,pw_passwd,pw_uid,
pw_gid,pw_gecos,pw_dir,pw_shell)
Return the password database entry for the given numeric user ID.
See pwd.__doc__ for more on password database entries. getpwnam(name) -> (pw_name,pw_passwd,pw_uid,
pw_gid,pw_gecos,pw_dir,pw_shell)
Return the password database entry for the given user name.
See pwd.__doc__ for more on password database entries. getpwall() -> list_of_entries
Return a list of all available password database entries, in arbitrary order.
See pwd.__doc__ for more on password database entries. pwd.struct_passwd: Results from getpw*() routines.
This object may be accessed either as a tuple of
(pw_name,pw_passwd,pw_uid,pw_gid,pw_gecos,pw_dir,pw_shell)
or via the object attributes as named in the above tuple. q & e @ ' z ` ( @) * SRE 2.2.2 Copyright (c) 1997-2002 by Secret Labs AB Compiled regular expression objects match(string[, pos[, endpos]]) --> match object or None.
Matches zero or more characters at the beginning of the string search(string[, pos[, endpos]]) --> match object or None.
Scan through string looking for a match, and return a corresponding
MatchObject instance. Return None if no position in the string matches. sub(repl, string[, count = 0]) --> newstring
Return the string obtained by replacing the leftmost non-overlapping
occurrences of pattern in string by the replacement repl. subn(repl, string[, count = 0]) --> (newstring, number of subs)
Return the tuple (new_string, number_of_subs_made) found by replacing
the leftmost non-overlapping occurrences of pattern with the
replacement repl. split(string[, maxsplit = 0]) --> list.
Split string by the occurrences of pattern. findall(string[, pos[, endpos]]) --> list.
Return a list of all non-overlapping matches of pattern in string. finditer(string[, pos[, endpos]]) --> iterator.
Return an iterator over all non-overlapping matches for the
RE pattern in string. For each match, the iterator returns a
match object. H h 9 ) Y , 09 h , ( @ + fM & y 0$ $ P~ @+ z + D , : `- @w `. t . - @/ , % % n # n G # G # ` L& \& P ` / ( `& & S S ` { register(search_function)
Register a codec search function. Search functions are expected to take
one argument, the encoding name in all lower case letters, and return
a tuple of functions (encoder, decoder, stream_reader, stream_writer)
(or a CodecInfo object). lookup(encoding) -> CodecInfo
Looks up a codec tuple in the Python codec registry and returns
a CodecInfo object. encode(obj, [encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Encodes obj using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a ValueError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
codecs.register_error that can handle ValueErrors. decode(obj, [encoding[,errors]]) -> object
Decodes obj using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a ValueError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
able to handle ValueErrors. register_error(errors, handler)
Register the specified error handler under the name
errors. handler must be a callable object, that
will be called with an exception instance containing
information about the location of the encoding/decoding
error and must return a (replacement, new position) tuple. lookup_error(errors) -> handler
Return the error handler for the specified error handling name
or raise a LookupError, if no handler exists under this name. 5 P @6 6 x 0 8 e p S A 0 0 P Ц P v a Т K 6 P $
П ` М k @ M : P ' Г @: v ; /__init__.pyc /__init__.pyo /__init__.py .pyc .pyo .py zipimport provides support for importing Python modules from Zip archives.
This module exports three objects:
- zipimporter: a class; its constructor takes a path to a Zip archive.
- ZipImportError: exception raised by zipimporter objects. It's a
subclass of ImportError, so it can be caught as ImportError, too.
- _zip_directory_cache: a dict, mapping archive paths to zip directory
info dicts, as used in zipimporter._files.
It is usually not needed to use the zipimport module explicitly; it is
used by the builtin import mechanism for sys.path items that are paths
to Zip archives. zipimporter(archivepath) -> zipimporter object
Create a new zipimporter instance. 'archivepath' must be a path to
a zipfile, or to a specific path inside a zipfile. For example, it can be
'/tmp/myimport.zip', or '/tmp/myimport.zip/mydirectory', if mydirectory is a
valid directory inside the archive.
'ZipImportError is raised if 'archivepath' doesn't point to a valid Zip
archive.
The 'archive' attribute of zipimporter objects contains the name of the
zipfile targeted. find_module(fullname, path=None) -> self or None.
Search for a module specified by 'fullname'. 'fullname' must be the
fully qualified (dotted) module name. It returns the zipimporter
instance itself if the module was found, or None if it wasn't.
The optional 'path' argument is ignored -- it's there for compatibility
with the importer protocol. load_module(fullname) -> module.
Load the module specified by 'fullname'. 'fullname' must be the
fully qualified (dotted) module name. It returns the imported
module, or raises ZipImportError if it wasn't found. get_data(pathname) -> string with file data.
Return the data associated with 'pathname'. Raise IOError if
the file wasn't found. get_code(fullname) -> code object.
Return the code object for the specified module. Raise ZipImportError
if the module couldn't be found. get_source(fullname) -> source string.
Return the source code for the specified module. Raise ZipImportError
if the module couldn't be found, return None if the archive does
contain the module, but has no source for it. _get_filename(fullname) -> filename string.
Return the filename for the specified module. is_package(fullname) -> bool.
Return True if the module specified by fullname is a package.
Raise ZipImportError if the module couldn't be found. L E A I `J л I 0 C 7 E к E F @ G H `H b j ` ? stapsdt J python function__return 4@-60(%ebp) 4@%esi -4@%eax > stapsdt J python function__entry 4@-60(%ebp) 4@%esi -4@%eax libpython2.6.so.1.0.debug +R .data .rodata .shstrtab .dynamic .note.gnu.build-id .eh_frame .stapsdt.base .gnu.hash .fini .gnu_debuglink .dynsym .gnu.version .rel.dyn .data.rel.ro .gnu.version_r .jcr .eh_frame_hdr .dynstr .probes .ctors .dtors .bss .note.stapsdt .init .rel.plt .got.plt .got .text " $ M o & l ' ' PW ~ ~ 6^ t o
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