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The typing module: Support for gradual typing as defined by PEP 484.
At large scale, the structure of the module is following:
* Imports and exports, all public names should be explicitly added to __all__.
* Internal helper functions: these should never be used in code outside this module.
* _SpecialForm and its instances (special forms): Any, NoReturn, ClassVar, Union, Optional
* Two classes whose instances can be type arguments in addition to types: ForwardRef and TypeVar
* The core of internal generics API: _GenericAlias and _VariadicGenericAlias, the latter is
currently only used by Tuple and Callable. All subscripted types like X[int], Union[int, str],
etc., are instances of either of these classes.
* The public counterpart of the generics API consists of two classes: Generic and Protocol
(the latter is currently private, but will be made public after PEP 544 acceptance).
* Public helper functions: get_type_hints, overload, cast, no_type_check,
no_type_check_decorator.
* Generic aliases for collections.abc ABCs and few additional protocols.
* Special types: NewType, NamedTuple, TypedDict (may be added soon).
* Wrapper submodules for re and io related types.
N)abstractmethodabstractproperty)WrapperDescriptorTypeMethodWrapperTypeMethodDescriptorTypeAnyCallableClassVar
ForwardRefGenericOptionalTupleTypeTypeVarUnion AbstractSet
ByteString ContainerContextManagerHashable ItemsViewIterableIteratorKeysViewMapping MappingViewMutableMappingMutableSequence
MutableSetSequenceSized
ValuesView Awaitable
AsyncIterator
AsyncIterable Coroutine
CollectionAsyncGeneratorAsyncContextManager
Reversible SupportsAbs
SupportsBytesSupportsComplex
SupportsFloat SupportsInt
SupportsRoundChainMapCounterDequeDict DefaultDictList OrderedDictSet FrozenSet
NamedTuple GeneratorAnyStrcastget_type_hintsNewType
no_type_checkno_type_check_decoratorNoReturnoverloadText
TYPE_CHECKINGTc C s t tf}|r|tf }| dkr&tdS t| tr8t| S t| trZ| j|krZt | dt| t
rp| t t fks|| t tfkrt d| dt| tt
tfr| S t| st | d| dd| S )a Check that the argument is a type, and return it (internal helper).
As a special case, accept None and return type(None) instead. Also wrap strings
into ForwardRef instances. Consider several corner cases, for example plain
special forms like Union are not valid, while Union[int, str] is OK, etc.
The msg argument is a human-readable error message, e.g::
"Union[arg, ...]: arg should be a type."
We append the repr() of the actual value (truncated to 100 chars).
Nz is not valid as type argumentzPlain z Got z.100.)r _Protocolr type
isinstancestrr
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__origin__ TypeError _SpecialFormr rA r callable)argmsg is_argumentZinvalid_generic_forms rR +/opt/alt/python37/lib64/python3.7/typing.py _type_checkq s$
rT c C sR t | tr,| jdkr| jS | j d| j S | dkr8dS t | tjrJ| jS t| S )a; Return the repr() of an object, special-casing types (internal helper).
If obj is a type, we return a shorter version than the default
type.__repr__, based on the module and qualified name, which is
typically enough to uniquely identify a type. For everything
else, we fall back on repr(obj).
builtinsrE .z...)rH rG
__module__ __qualname__types FunctionType__name__repr)objrR rR rS
_type_repr s
r] c s` g xR| D ]J}t |tr*| kr* | t |tr
|js
fdd|jD q
W t S )zCollect all type variable contained in types in order of
first appearance (lexicographic order). For example::
_collect_type_vars((T, List[S, T])) == (T, S)
c s g | ]}| kr|qS rR rR ).0t)tvarsrR rS
s z&_collect_type_vars..)rH r appendrJ _specialextend__parameters__tuple)rX r_ rR )r` rS _collect_type_vars s
rg c C s t | ts| S t| j}x\t| jD ]N\}}t |trbx:t|D ] \}}||kr@|| ||< q@W q$t|||||< q$W | jtkrtt | S |
t |S )zjSubstitute type variables 'tvars' with substitutions 'subs'.
These two must have the same length.
) rH rJ list__args__ enumerater _subs_tvarsrK r rf copy_with)tpr` ZsubsZnew_argsarO iZtvarrR rR rS rk s
rk c C s^ | j st| dt|}t| j }||krZtd||kr>dnd d| d| d| dS ) zCheck correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).
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z is not a generic classzToo ZmanyZfewz parameters for z ; actual z , expected N)re rL len)cls
parametersZalenZelenrR rR rS _check_generic s
rs c C s g }xn| D ]f}t |tr0|jtkr0||j q
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| qW |}|rt |t|S )zyAn internal helper for Union creation and substitution: flatten Unions
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r N) rH rJ rK r rd ri rf rp rb setremoveAssertionError)rr paramspZ
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rz c s4 t t j t fdd}|S )zInternal wrapper caching __getitem__ of generic types with a fallback to
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z_tp_cache..inner) functools lru_cache _cleanupsrb cache_clearwraps)r~ r rR )r} r~ rS _tp_cache s r c sb t | tr| S t | tr^t fdd| jD }|| jkrH| S | |}| j|_|S | S )zEvaluate all forward reverences in the given type t.
For use of globalns and localns see the docstring for get_type_hints().
c 3 s | ]}t | V qd S )N)
_eval_type)r^ rn )globalnslocalnsrR rS s z _eval_type..)rH r
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r c @ s e Zd ZdZdZdd ZdS )_Finalz Mixin to prohibit subclassing) __weakref__c O s d|krt dd S )N_rootz&Cannot subclass special typing classes)rL )selfr{ r| rR rR rS __init_subclass__ s z_Final.__init_subclass__N)rZ rV rW __doc__ __slots__r rR rR rR rS r s r c @ s e Zd ZdZdd Zdd ZdS )
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edd Z ZS )rM zhInternal indicator of special typing constructs.
See _doc instance attribute for specific docs.
)_name_docc sB t |dkr6t|d tr6t|d tr6td| t | S )zConstructor.
This only exists to give a better error message in case
someone tries to subclass a special typing object (not a good idea).
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z_SpecialForm.__eq__c C s t | jfS )N)hashr )r rR rR rS __hash__B s z_SpecialForm.__hash__c C s
d| j S )Nztyping.)r )r rR rR rS __repr__E s z_SpecialForm.__repr__c C s | j S )N)r )r rR rR rS
__reduce__H s z_SpecialForm.__reduce__c O s t d| d S )NzCannot instantiate )rL )r r{ r| rR rR rS __call__K s z_SpecialForm.__call__c C s t | dd S )Nz! cannot be used with isinstance())rL )r r\ rR rR rS __instancecheck__N s z _SpecialForm.__instancecheck__c C s t | dd S )Nz! cannot be used with issubclass())rL )r rq rR rR rS __subclasscheck__Q s z _SpecialForm.__subclasscheck__c s | j dkr t|d}t| |fS | j dkr|dkr:tdt|tsJ|f}d t fdd|D }t|}t|d kr|d
S t| |S | j d krt|d }t|t d f S t| d
d S )Nr z"ClassVar accepts only single type.r rR z Cannot take a Union of no types.z)Union[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type.c 3 s | ]}t | V qd S )N)rT )r^ ry )rP rR rS r _ s z+_SpecialForm.__getitem__..rt r r z#Optional[t] requires a single type.z is not subscriptable)
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z_SpecialForm.__getitem__)rZ rV rW r r r r r r r r r r r r r
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rM )r a` Special type indicating an unconstrained type.
- Any is compatible with every type.
- Any assumed to have all methods.
- All values assumed to be instances of Any.
Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of
static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance
or class checks.
)r a Special type indicating functions that never return.
Example::
from typing import NoReturn
def stop() -> NoReturn:
raise Exception('no way')
This type is invalid in other positions, e.g., ``List[NoReturn]``
will fail in static type checkers.
a3 Special type construct to mark class variables.
An annotation wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given
attribute is intended to be used as a class variable and
should not be set on instances of that class. Usage::
class Starship:
stats: ClassVar[Dict[str, int]] = {} # class variable
damage: int = 10 # instance variable
ClassVar accepts only types and cannot be further subscribed.
Note that ClassVar is not a class itself, and should not
be used with isinstance() or issubclass().
a' Union type; Union[X, Y] means either X or Y.
To define a union, use e.g. Union[int, str]. Details:
- The arguments must be types and there must be at least one.
- None as an argument is a special case and is replaced by
type(None).
- Unions of unions are flattened, e.g.::
Union[Union[int, str], float] == Union[int, str, float]
- Unions of a single argument vanish, e.g.::
Union[int] == int # The constructor actually returns int
- Redundant arguments are skipped, e.g.::
Union[int, str, int] == Union[int, str]
- When comparing unions, the argument order is ignored, e.g.::
Union[int, str] == Union[str, int]
- You cannot subclass or instantiate a union.
- You can use Optional[X] as a shorthand for Union[X, None].
zEOptional type.
Optional[X] is equivalent to Union[X, None].
c @ s> e Zd ZdZdZdddZdd Zdd Zd
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z-Internal wrapper to hold a forward reference.)__forward_arg____forward_code____forward_evaluated____forward_value____forward_is_argument__Tc C sn t |tstd|yt|dd}W n" tk
rJ td|Y nX || _|| _d| _d | _|| _ d S )Nz*Forward reference must be a string -- got zevalz/Forward reference must be an expression -- got F)
rH rI rL compile SyntaxErrorr r r r r )r rO rQ coderR rR rS r s
zForwardRef.__init__c C sj | j r||k rd|d kr(|d kr(i }}n|d kr6|}n |d krB|}tt| j||d| jd| _d| _ | jS )Nz*Forward references must evaluate to types.)rQ T)r rT r r r r )r r r rR rR rS r s
zForwardRef._evaluatec C s> t |tstS | jr2|jr2| j|jko0| j|jkS | j|jkS )N)rH r
r r r r )r r rR rR rS r s
zForwardRef.__eq__c C s
t | jS )N)r r )r rR rR rS r s zForwardRef.__hash__c C s d| j dS )Nz ForwardRef())r )r rR rR rS r s zForwardRef.__repr__N)T)
rZ rV rW r r r r r r r rR rR rR rS r
s
c @ s6 e Zd ZdZdZddddddZdd Zd
d ZdS ) r a Type variable.
Usage::
T = TypeVar('T') # Can be anything
A = TypeVar('A', str, bytes) # Must be str or bytes
Type variables exist primarily for the benefit of static type
checkers. They serve as the parameters for generic types as well
as for generic function definitions. See class Generic for more
information on generic types. Generic functions work as follows:
def repeat(x: T, n: int) -> List[T]:
'''Return a list containing n references to x.'''
return [x]*n
def longest(x: A, y: A) -> A:
'''Return the longest of two strings.'''
return x if len(x) >= len(y) else y
The latter example's signature is essentially the overloading
of (str, str) -> str and (bytes, bytes) -> bytes. Also note
that if the arguments are instances of some subclass of str,
the return type is still plain str.
At runtime, isinstance(x, T) and issubclass(C, T) will raise TypeError.
Type variables defined with covariant=True or contravariant=True
can be used to declare covariant or contravariant generic types.
See PEP 484 for more details. By default generic types are invariant
in all type variables.
Type variables can be introspected. e.g.:
T.__name__ == 'T'
T.__constraints__ == ()
T.__covariant__ == False
T.__contravariant__ = False
A.__constraints__ == (str, bytes)
Note that only type variables defined in global scope can be pickled.
)rZ __bound____constraints__
__covariant____contravariant__NF)bound covariant
contravariantc s || _ |r|rtdt|| _t|| _|r>|d k r>td|rVt|dkrVtdd t fdd|D | _|rt |d| _
nd | _
yt dj
d d
}W n ttfk
r d }Y nX |d kr|| _d S ) Nz"Bivariant types are not supported.z-Constraints cannot be combined with bound=...rt z"A single constraint is not allowedz:TypeVar(name, constraint, ...): constraints must be types.c 3 s | ]}t | V qd S )N)rT )r^ r_ )rP rR rS r # s z#TypeVar.__init__..zBound must be a type.rZ __main__typing)rZ
ValueErrorboolr r rL rp rf r rT r sys _getframe f_globalsgetAttributeErrorrV )r r r r r Z constraintsZdef_modrR )rP rS r s(
zTypeVar.__init__c C s& | j r d}n| jrd}nd}|| j S )N+-~)r r rZ )r prefixrR rR rS r / s zTypeVar.__repr__c C s | j S )N)rZ )r rR rR rS r 8 s zTypeVar.__reduce__)rZ rV rW r r r r r rR rR rR rS r s * ) rh rf dictru frozensetdeque defaultdictrG r7 c C s | do| dS )N__)
startswithendswith)attrrR rR rS
_is_dunderS s r c s e Zd ZdZddddddZedd Zd
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Zdd Z dd Z
dd Z dd Z dd Z
fddZdd Zd d Zd d Z ZS ) rJ a The central part of internal API.
This represents a generic version of type 'origin' with type arguments 'params'.
There are two kind of these aliases: user defined and special. The special ones
are wrappers around builtin collections and ABCs in collections.abc. These must
have 'name' always set. If 'inst' is False, then the alias can't be instantiated,
this is used by e.g. typing.List and typing.Dict.
TFN)instspecialr c C sz || _ || _|r*|d kr*|j}t||}|| _t|ts@|f}|| _tdd |D | _ t
|| _ d | _ |sv|j
| _
d S )Nc s s* | ]"}|t krd n|tkr dn|V qdS ).rR N)_TypingEllipsis _TypingEmpty)r^ rn rR rR rS r j s z)_GenericAlias.__init__..)_instrc rZ _normalize_aliasr r rH rf rK ri rg re r rV )r originrx r r r Z orig_namerR rR rS r ` s
z_GenericAlias.__init__c s^ | j ttfkr td| t|ts,|f}d t fdd|D }t| | t| | j|S )Nz%Cannot subscript already-subscripted z*Parameters to generic types must be types.c 3 s | ]}t | V qd S )N)rT )r^ ry )rP rR rS r z s z,_GenericAlias.__getitem__..) rK r rF rL rH rf rs rk re )r rx rR )rP rS r r s
z_GenericAlias.__getitem__c C s t | j|| j| jdS )N)r r )rJ rK r r )r rx rR rR rS rl ~ s z_GenericAlias.copy_withc C s | j dks&t| jdkrx| jd tkrx| j r8d| j }n
t| j}| jshdddd | jD d }nd
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d | jd d D dt| jd d S )Nr r ztyping.[z, c S s g | ] }t |qS rR )r] )r^ rn rR rR rS ra s z*_GenericAlias.__repr__..] ztyping.Callableztyping.Callable[[c S s g | ] }t |qS rR )r] )r^ rn rR rR rS ra s z], )r rp ri Ellipsisr] rK rc join)r r r{ rR rR rS r s
z_GenericAlias.__repr__c C sR t |tstS | j|jkr dS | jtkrF|jtkrFt| jt|jkS | j|jkS )NF)rH rJ r rK r r ri )r r rR rR rS r s
z_GenericAlias.__eq__c C s, | j tkr ttt| jfS t| j | jfS )N)rK r r r ri )r rR rR rS r s
z_GenericAlias.__hash__c O sT | j s$td| j d| j d| j||}y
| |_W n tk
rN Y nX |S )NzType z cannot be instantiated; use z
() instead)r rL r lowerrK Z__orig_class__r )r r{ kwargsresultrR rR rS r s
z_GenericAlias.__call__c C s | j rZg }| j|kr || j || }tdd ||d d D sR|t t|S | jtkr|| }x.||d d D ]}t|tr|| k rdS qW | jfS )Nc s s" | ]}t |tpt|tV qd S )N)rH rJ
issubclassr )r^ brR rR rS r s z0_GenericAlias.__mro_entries__..rt rR ) r rK rb indexanyr rf rH rJ )r basesr ro r rR rR rS __mro_entries__ s
z _GenericAlias.__mro_entries__c C s* d| j kr t|s t| j|S t|d S )NrK )__dict__r getattrrK r )r r rR rR rS __getattr__ s z_GenericAlias.__getattr__c s2 t |s|dkr t || nt| j|| d S )N)r r rc )r r __setattr__setattrrK )r r val)r rR rS r s z_GenericAlias.__setattr__c C s | t|S )N)r rG )r r\ rR rR rS r s z _GenericAlias.__instancecheck__c C s< | j r0t|ts t|| jS |j r0t|j| jS tdd S )NzBSubscripted generics cannot be used with class and instance checks)rc rH rJ r rK rL )r rq rR rR rS r s
z _GenericAlias.__subclasscheck__c C s | j r | jS | jr t | j }n| j}|tkrht| jdkrJ| jd tksht| jd d | jd f}n*t | j}t|dkrt
|d t s|\}t j ||ffS )Nr r r rt )
rc r globalsrK r rp ri r rh rf rH operatorgetitem)r r r{ rR rR rS r s
z_GenericAlias.__reduce__)rZ rV rW r r r r rl r r r r r r r r r r r rR rR )r rS rJ W s rJ c s, e Zd ZdZdd Ze fddZ ZS )_VariadicGenericAliaszSame as _GenericAlias above but for variadic aliases. Currently,
this is used only by special internal aliases: Tuple and Callable.
c C s | j dks| js| |S t|tr0t|dkr8td|\}}|tkrRt|f}n$t|tsjtd| t||f}| |S )Nr r z6Callable must be used as Callable[[arg, ...], result].z1Callable[args, result]: args must be a list. Got ) r rc __getitem_inner__rH rf rp rL r rh )r rx r{ r rR rR rS r s
z!_VariadicGenericAlias.__getitem__c s
| j tkr| jr|dkr$| tfS t|ts4|f}t|dkrl|d dkrld t|d }| |tfS d t fdd |D }| |S | j t j
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|S )
NrR r rt .z Tuple[t, ...]: t must be a type.r z*Tuple[t0, t1, ...]: each t must be a type.c 3 s | ]}t | V qd S )N)rT )r^ ry )rP rR rS r s z:_VariadicGenericAlias.__getitem_inner__..z.Callable[args, result]: result must be a type.z6Callable[[arg, ...], result]: each arg must be a type.c 3 s | ]}t | V qd S )N)rT )r^ rO )rP rR rS r s )rK rf rc rl r rH rp rT r collectionsabcr r r r )r rx ry r{ r )r )rP rS r s.
z'_VariadicGenericAlias.__getitem_inner__)rZ rV rW r r r r r rR rR )r rS r s r c s< e Zd ZdZdZ fddZedd Z fddZ Z S ) r aC Abstract base class for generic types.
A generic type is typically declared by inheriting from
this class parameterized with one or more type variables.
For example, a generic mapping type might be defined as::
class Mapping(Generic[KT, VT]):
def __getitem__(self, key: KT) -> VT:
...
# Etc.
This class can then be used as follows::
def lookup_name(mapping: Mapping[KT, VT], key: KT, default: VT) -> VT:
try:
return mapping[key]
except KeyError:
return default
rR c sP | t krtdt jtjkr8| jtjk r8t | }nt j| f||}|S )NzHType Generic cannot be instantiated; it can be used only as a base class)r rL r r objectr )rq r{ r| r\ )r rR rS r . s zGeneric.__new__c s t |ts|f}|s.| tk r.td| j dd t fdd|D }| tkrtdd |D sjtdtt|t|krtdn| t krn
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zGeneric.__init_subclass__)
rZ rV rW r r r r r r r rR rR )r rS r s
c @ s e Zd ZdZdS )r zInternal placeholder for () or []. Used by TupleMeta and CallableMeta
to allow empty list/tuple in specific places, without allowing them
to sneak in where prohibited.
N)rZ rV rW r rR rR rR rS r w s r c @ s e Zd ZdZdS )r z(Internal placeholder for ... (ellipsis).N)rZ rV rW r rR rR rR rS r ~ s r c C s |S )zCast a value to a type.
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are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
inherited members.
TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
present.
BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
(unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work). The
search order is locals first, then globals.
- If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
and these are also used as the locals. If the object does not appear
to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.
- If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
locals.
- If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
locals, respectively.
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r Y nX | S )aI Decorator to indicate that annotations are not type hints.
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c s t fdd}|S )zDecorator to give another decorator the @no_type_check effect.
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c s | |}t |}|S )N)r? )r{ r| r~ ) decoratorrR rS wrapped_decorator s
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Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.
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@overload
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@overload
def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
@overload
def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
In a non-stub file (i.e. a regular .py file), do the same but
follow it with an implementation. The implementation should *not*
be decorated with @overload. For example:
@overload
def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
@overload
def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
@overload
def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
def utf8(value):
# implementation goes here
)r )r~ rR rR rS rB / s c s0 e Zd ZdZ fddZdd Zdd Z ZS )
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This exists so _Protocol classes can be generic without deriving
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z!_ProtocolMeta._get_protocol_attrs)rZ rV rW r r r r! r rR rR )r rS r L s r c s( e Zd ZdZdZdZ fddZ ZS )rF zInternal base class for protocol classes.
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rR Tc s t |S )N)r r )rq rx )r rR rS r s z_Protocol.__class_getitem__)rZ rV rW r r r r r rR rR )r rS rF s rF ) metaclassTKTVTT_co)r V_coVT_coT_contra)r CT_co)r r c C s t | |d|dS )NT)r r )rJ )r rx r rR rR rS _alias s r0 rR )r a Callable type; Callable[[int], str] is a function of (int) -> str.
The subscription syntax must always be used with exactly two
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There is no syntax to indicate optional or keyword arguments,
such function types are rarely used as callback types.
F)r r a@ Tuple type; Tuple[X, Y] is the cross-product type of X and Y.
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to type variables T1 and T2. Tuple[int, float, str] is a tuple
of an int, a float and a string.
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)r a A special construct usable to annotate class objects.
For example, suppose we have the following classes::
class User: ... # Abstract base for User classes
class BasicUser(User): ...
class ProUser(User): ...
class TeamUser(User): ...
And a function that takes a class argument that's a subclass of
User and returns an instance of the corresponding class::
U = TypeVar('U', bound=User)
def new_user(user_class: Type[U]) -> U:
user = user_class()
# (Here we could write the user object to a database)
return user
joe = new_user(BasicUser)
At this point the type checker knows that joe has type BasicUser.
c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r. z(An ABC with one abstract method __int__.rR )returnc C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS __int__ s zSupportsInt.__int__N)rZ rV rW r r r intr2 rR rR rR rS r. s c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r- z*An ABC with one abstract method __float__.rR )r1 c C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS __float__ s zSupportsFloat.__float__N)rZ rV rW r r r floatr4 rR rR rR rS r- s c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r, z,An ABC with one abstract method __complex__.rR )r1 c C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS __complex__ s zSupportsComplex.__complex__N)rZ rV rW r r r complexr6 rR rR rR rS r, s c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r+ z*An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__.rR )r1 c C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS __bytes__' s zSupportsBytes.__bytes__N)rZ rV rW r r r bytesr8 rR rR rR rS r+ # s c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r* zMAn ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type.rR )r1 c C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS __abs__0 s zSupportsAbs.__abs__N)rZ rV rW r r r r+ r: rR rR rR rS r* , s c @ s* e Zd ZdZdZedeedddZdS ) r/ zOAn ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type.rR r )ndigitsr1 c C s d S )NrR )r r; rR rR rS __round__9 s zSupportsRound.__round__N)r ) rZ rV rW r r r r3 r+ r< rR rR rR rS r/ 5 s c sv d fdd|D }t | dd |D }t | |_|_ytdjdd|_ W n t
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zNamedTupleMeta.__new__)rZ rV rW r r rR rR )r rS rH T s rH c @ s" e Zd ZdZdZdd Zde_dS )r9 a4 Typed version of namedtuple.
Usage in Python versions >= 3.6::
class Employee(NamedTuple):
name: str
id: int
This is equivalent to::
Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id'])
The resulting class has extra __annotations__ and _field_types
attributes, giving an ordered dict mapping field names to types.
__annotations__ should be preferred, while _field_types
is kept to maintain pre PEP 526 compatibility. (The field names
are in the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple
API.) Alternative equivalent keyword syntax is also accepted::
Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', name=str, id=int)
In Python versions <= 3.5 use::
Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])
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zNamedTuple.__new__z*($cls, typename, fields=None, /, **kwargs)N)rZ rV rW r r r __text_signature__rR rR rR rS r9 s s c C s dd }| |_ ||_|S )a% NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero
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by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
a dummy function that simply returns its argument. Usage::
UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:
...
UserId('user') # Fails type check
name_by_id(42) # Fails type check
name_by_id(UserId(42)) # OK
num = UserId(5) + 1 # type: int
c S s | S )NrR )xrR rR rS new_type s zNewType..new_type)rZ Z
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d,d-d.Z e ee dd/d0d1Z e d2dd3d4Z e ddd5d6Z dS )<IOa Generic base class for TextIO and BinaryIO.
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classes (text vs. binary, read vs. write vs. read/write,
append-only, unbuffered). The TextIO and BinaryIO subclasses
below capture the distinctions between text vs. binary, which is
pervasive in the interface; however we currently do not offer a
way to track the other distinctions in the type system.
rR )r1 c C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS mode s zIO.modec C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS r s zIO.nameNc C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS close s zIO.closec C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS closed s z IO.closedc C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS fileno s z IO.filenoc C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS flush s zIO.flushc C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS isatty s z IO.isattyr )r= r1 c C s d S )NrR )r r= rR rR rS read s zIO.readc C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS readable s z IO.readable)limitr1 c C s d S )NrR )r r[ rR rR rS readline s z IO.readline)hintr1 c C s d S )NrR )r r] rR rR rS readlines s z IO.readlinesr )offsetwhencer1 c C s d S )NrR )r r_ r` rR rR rS seek
s zIO.seekc C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS seekable s z IO.seekablec C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS tell s zIO.tell)sizer1 c C s d S )NrR )r rd rR rR rS truncate s z IO.truncatec C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS writable s z IO.writable)sr1 c C s d S )NrR )r rg rR rR rS write! s zIO.write)linesr1 c C s d S )NrR )r ri rR rR rS
writelines% s z
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TextIO.bufferc C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS encodingI s zTextIO.encodingc C s d S )NrR )r rR rR rS errorsM s z
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rv z.ioc @ s e Zd ZdZddgZeZeZdS )rez&Wrapper namespace for re type aliases.PatternMatchN)rZ rV rW r rw ry rz rR rR rR rS rx m s rx z.re)T)NN)T)r r r r r Zcollections.abc
contextlibr r rx Z stdlib_rer rX r r r rw rT r] rg rk rs rz r r r r r rM r rA r r r r
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rh r5 r r2 ru r r8 r r r r! AbstractContextManagerr AbstractAsyncContextManagerr( r r3 r r4 r6 r1 r0 r: r' r r. r- r, r+ r* r/ rA rJ rc rH r9 r> rC rD rR rn rp rv rZ r ry rz rR rR rR rS s
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